Association Stand 1 



DWftOD 
MB 




ClassificafSn, Offici 



Inspection 



The Hard\|food Manufacturers' 
Associatio : 



Effe 



lules and 



OF 



oftheUl 

••*••• 
ve March 



Copyrighted 1918 



By The Hard wow , lanufacturers' A* i atlon of the U. S. 



Sales Code 



Grading 



ed States 



1918 



i 



PREFACE 

THE accompanying Rules, Regulations 
and Instructions for the Grading of 
Hardwood Lumber and Measurement 
of Logs were adopted June 3, 1902, at 
Louisville, Kentucky, by The Hardwood 
Manufacturers' Association of the United 
States. 

These rules are revised and amended to 
date, March 1, 1918. 

This Association will permit no infringe- 
ment or violations of its rights under the 
copyright law. They are published only 
by this Association and advertising thereon 
will not be permitted. 

These rules are subject to the super- 
visory instruction of the Chairman of our 
Executive Grading Commission. 

The Hardwood 

Manufacturers' Association 

of the United States 

F. R. GADD, E. O. ROBINSON, 

Ass't to President. President. 



Approved by the Executive Grading Com- 
mission. 

W. E. DELANEY. Chairman. 

Cincinnati, Ohio, March 1, 1913. 



Association Standard Grades 
OF 

HARDWOOD 
LUMBER 



Classification, Official 
Grading and Inspection 
Rules of : : : : : 



(3% ifariminnb 

iMamifartarera' Aatfortafum 

of the Jtmtrii BtnUB 



iQ^^oy 



Va- 



IN D E X A < 



GENERAL Page 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS LUMBER 9-12 

LOGS Ill 

GRADE MARK SYMBOLS 119 

REINSPECTION 5 

SALES CODE 3-6 

STANDARD LOG SCALE 121 

STANDARD WEIGHT OF LOGS 6 

STANDARD WEIGHT OF LUMBER 7 

STANDARD THICKNESS FOR DRESSED 

LUMBER 8 

WOODS 

ASH 56-58 

BASSWOOD 62-63 

BAY POPLAR (TUPELO) 118 

BEECH 82-84 

BIRCH, WHITE 85-86 

RED 86 

BUCKEYE 64-65 

BUTTERNUT 76-77 

CHESTNUT 59-61 

CHERRY 68-69 

COTTONWOOD 42-47 

CYPRESS 118 

DIMENSION MATERIAL 107 

ELM 87-88 

GUM, BLACK. 55 

" RED— PLAIN SAWED 48-49 

" RED— QUARTERED SAWED 49-51 

" SAP 51-53 

" TUPELO 118 

HACKBERRY 58 

HICKORY AND PECAN 70-71 

LOCUST 29 

LOGS 111-117 

MAGNOLIA 47 

MAHOGANY, (CUBAN) 108 

(MEXICAN AND AFRICAN) .. .109-110 

MAPLE 78-81 

OAK, PLAIN SAWED 26-29 

QUARTERED SAWED 30-33 

CONSTRUCTION TIMBERS. 34-41 

OAK CHAIR AND FURNITURE STOCK 107 

POPLAR, PLAIN SAWED 13-20 

QUARTERED SAWED 20-25 

SYCAMORE, PLAIN SAWED 72-73 

QUARTERED SAWED 74-75 

TUPELO 118 

VEHICLE AND WAGON STOCK 89-106 

WALNUT 66-67 

WILLOW 47 



OCT IQ 1918 

©CI.A506088 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



SALES CODE AND 
INSPECTION RULES 



Title. 

These Terms, Rules and Regulations were adopted by 
the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of the United 
States, February 3, 1910, at their Eighth Annual Meeting, 
held at Cincinnati, Ohio, and are known as the Sales Code 
and Inspection Rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' 
Association of the United States. 

Revised and amended to date, March 1st, 1918. 

Purposes. 

When quotations, orders and contracts covering the sale 
of forest products in which the members of this Association 
deal, contain the clause "subject to the Sales Code and 
Inspection Rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Asso- 
ciation of the United States, adopted February 3, 1910," 
and revised and amended to date, March 1, 1918, they shall 
be governed and controlled (with such exceptions as are 
specifically made in writing) by the following: — 

SALES CODE 

General Contingency Clause. 

1. Quotations are based upon and orders and contracts 
accepted under a "General Contingency Clause," which 
recognizes that the Seller shall not be held liable for delays 
or non-deliveries of material, when occasioned by strikes, 
floods, fires, epidemics, car supply, delays of carriers or 
any other causes, whatsoever, beyond the control of the 
Seller. In any of these events, the Seller may suspend 
further performance under the same until such causes and 
their effects shall have been removed. 

Prior Sale — Change Without Notice — Credit 
Rating. 

2. All quotations are made subject to prior sale, change 
without notice, and Purchasers' credit rating proving 
satisfactory. 



4 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

SALES CODE. 

Written Order. 

3. All orders and contracts shall be in writing. 

Order Acceptance. 

4. All orders and contracts are subject to approval and 
acceptance at the Main or Home Office of Seller, and are j 
not binding unless confirmed in writing. Such acknowl- 
edgment shall contain all data appertaining to order, and 
shipment to be made in accordance therewith. Omissions 
and errors shall be corrected by the Purchaser in return 
mail. All forms used shall show the address of Main or 
Home Office of Seller. 

Delivered Price — Freight Rates — Switching 
Charges — Damage. 

5. The delivered price (f. o. b. destination) includes only 
the usual freight charges to point of delivery mentioned, 
and are based upon the freight rates in effect at time of 
quotation, with no allowance for switching, terminal charges, 
state or federal taxes, or any other charges. The Seller 
does not guarantee the continuance of those rates. In the 
event that freight rates change after acceptance of order 
and before the date of shipment, either party may cancel 
the contract, if the other party refuses to make the price 
accord with the changed rates. The Seller does not guaran- 
tee safe delivery, nor insure against breakage, loss or da- 
mage to material while in transit. 

Time of Shipments. 

6. (a) When order, or contract, specifies definite time 
for shipment, failure to ship within said time, gives the 
Purchaser the privilege of cancelling the order or contract 
by wire, (b) When no definite time for shipment is 
specified, the Purchaser shall not be entitled to cancel 
such order or contract inside of thirty days from the date 
of order or contract without the consent of the Seller. 
Whenever shipments are not made within thirty days, the 
Seller shall forthwith notify the Purchaser, giving reasons 
for failure to ship. Purchaser shall then have the privilege 
of forthwith cancelling by wire. Should Purchaser fail to 
so cancel, the Seller shall have an additional thirty days 
in which to ship; provided, however, that in case of special 
or worked material on hand at time of cancellation, all 
material must be accepted by Purchaser. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



SALES CODE. 



All material en route or loaded preparatory to shipping 
on such orders, at date of receipt of cancellation, at Home 
or Main Office of Seller (with three days' grace if Home or 
Main Office of Seller is not at point of shipment), shall be 
likewise accepted. Otherwise order or contract shall re- 
main in effect until cancelled by mutual consent. 

Terms of Payment. 

7. Seller must promptly send to Purchaser an invoice 
for each carload, or other shipment. Each invoice is due 
and payable as follows: Freight is due upon arrival of 
shipment, and must be paid by Purchaser; original "Ex- 
pense Bill" (or certified copy thereof) must be sent to 
Seller; balance of invoice (remainder after deducting 
freight) is due sixty days from date of shipment and bears 
interest after maturity; provided, however, that Purchaser 
may pay the same ten days after date of invoice with a 
discount of 2%; or thirty days after date of invoice, with 
a discount of 1 %. 

All payments must be made in funds at par New York 
or Chicago. Omissions and errors in invoice are subject 
to correction. 

Credit. 

8. If, during the life of any order, or contract, the 
financial responsibility of the Purchaser becomes impaired 
or unsatisfactory to the Seller, cash payments, with above 
discounts, or satisfactory security, may be demanded, in 
default of which, the order or contract may be cancelled 
by the Seller. 

Reinspection. 

9. In event of complaint by Purchaser on the quality 
of material shipped, Purchaser shall pay freight, unload 
and hold rejected lumber intact, properly protected, and 
shall file complaint with Seller within five days after receipt 
of shipment. If on quantity, the entire shipment must be 
held intact. Payment of freight or invoice shall not be 
considered as an acceptance of the shipment, nor shall such 
payment work a forfeiture of the right to enter complaints 
and make corrections. 

Upon receipt of complaint of Seller, shipper shall at once 
request the Secretary of the Hardwood Manufacturers' 
Association to have reinspected the shipment in accordance 
with the rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association 



6 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

' SALES CODE. 

of the United States in effect at the time of execution of 
contract, and the purchaser shall lend reasonable assistance 
in the reinspection thereof. 

Certificates will be issued by the said Association showing 
the original shipper, the Purchaser and the results of such 
reinspection, the original being mailed to the shipper and 
the duplicate to the Purchaser. 

Settlement on Reinspection. 

10. Both Seller and Purchaser shall be bound by such 
reinspection. 

The Purchaser shall accept all material of the grade 
purchased, and all of the next lower grade not in excess of 
5% of the total quantity invoiced, and shall pay for said 
grade at current proportionate prices as shown by the latest 
publication of market conditions issued by the Hardwood 
Manufacturers' Association. All de-grades in excess of 
5 % shall be the property of the Seller. 



OFFICIAL STANDARD WEIGHTS OF 
HARDWOOD LOGS. 

Basis Actual 

Ash 10.00 9.84 

Cottonwood 11.50 11.45 

Cypress 9.00 8.99 

Elm 10.00 10. 18 

Hickory 13.00 13.25 

Gum 11.00 10.82 

Poplar 7.50 7.35 

Oak 11 .00 10.95 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 7 

Official Standard Weights'of Hardwood Lumber. 

Kinds of Lbs. per 

Wood Thickness Condition 1000 ft. dry 

Ash 1 " and thicker rough 3,500 

Basswood. . . 1' and thicker rough 2,600 

Beech 1" and thicker rough 4,000 

Birch 1 ' and thicker rough 4,000 

Buckeye .... 1" and thicker rough 2,600 

Butternut ... 1" and thicker rough 2,800 

Cherry 1 " and thicker rough 4,000 

Chestnut.. . . 1" and thicker rough 2,800 

Cottonwood. 1" and thicker rough 2,800 

Cottonwood. y 2 " Bevel Siding 850 

Cottonwood. %" S2S 1,000 

Cottonwood. V 2 " S2S 1,200 

Cottonwood.^" S2S 1,500 

Elm (soft)... 1" and thicker rough 3,200 

Elm (rock) . . 1 * and thicker rough 3,800 

Gum, Red. . . 1" and thicker rough, 3,300 

Gum, Sap. . . 1* and thicker rough, 3,100 

Gum H' Bevel Siding SIS 900 

Gum 13-16" Drop Siding S2S 2,200 

Gum 13-16" Flooring S2S 2,200 

Gum V s " Ceiling S2S 850 

Gum V 2 " Ceiling S2S 1,300 

Gum %" Ceiling S2S 2,000 

Gum %" Ceiling S2S 1,600 

Gum, Red... 1" S2S 13-16" 2,500 

Gum, Sap... 1" S2S 13-16" ....2,350 

Hickory .... 1" rough 5,000 

Hickory. . . .Axles and Reaches rough, dry. . . .4,500 

Hickory green 6,000 

Hickory .... Rim Strips rough 5,000 

Maple (soft). 1" and thicker rough 3,000 

Maple (hard) 1" and thicker rough 4,000 

Oak . 1" and thicker rough 3,900 

Oak y 8 " thick rough 2,000 

Oak y 2 " thick rough 2,200 

Oak y 8 " thick rough 2,700 

Oak %" thick rough 3,200 

Oak Chair and Furniture Stock, 1" and thicker 4,200 

Oak Squares, 1" x 1" and larger 4,200 

Oak Wagon Stock and Felloes dry 4,500 

Oak Wagon Stock and Felloes green 6,000 

Oak Plow Handle Strips dry 4,250 

Poplar 1 " and thicker rough 2,800 

Poplar yC rough 1,600 

Poplar %' rough 2,100 

Poplar y 2 " Bevel Siding S2S 850 

Poplar Drop Siding S2S 2,000 

Poplar y g " Ceiling S2S 800 

Poplar y 2 Ceiling and PartitionS2S 1,200 

Poplar %" Ceiling and PartitionS2S 1,500 

Poplar %' Ceiling and PartitionS2S 1,750 

Poplar . . . 13-16" Ceiling and PartitionS2S 2,000 

Poplar 1" S2S to 13-16". .2,200 

Sycamore ... 1 * and thicker rough 3,200 

Walnut 1" and thicker rough 4,000 

These weights have been established from actual tests. 
It has been the accumulation of information received 
from different sections of the country, showing the aver- 
age weights of the different varieties of wood and the 
different character of manufacture. Attests have been 
submitted showing the tests to be absolutely accurate. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



THE STANDARD THICKNESS 
FOR DRESSED LUMBER 



Rough Stock 


Dressed Stock 


%" surfaced two sides to 7/32" 


l A" 


" " 5/16" 


5 A" 


" " 7/16" 


%" , " 


" " 9/16" 


i» 


" " 13/16" 


1J4" 


" " 1-3/32" 


VA" 


" " 1-11/32" 


1%" 


' W 


2" 


" " " 1%" 


2V 4 " 


" " 2" 


2y 2 " 


" " " 2M"' 


2%' 


" " " . 2A" 


3" 


" '* " 2%" 


3%" 


" " 3" 


3^" 


" " " 3M" 


3%" 


3H" 


4 » 


" " " 3%" 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 9 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE 

MANUFACTURE, INSPECTION 

AND MEASUREMENT OF 

HARDWOOD LUMBER 

Manufacture. 

1. Lumber shall be manufactured of practically uniform 
thickness and square edges, with all ragged ends trimmed 
off. 

Inspection. 

2. The location, size and kind of defects have much to 
do with the value of a board, and the inspector must depend 
to some extent on his own judgment, guided by the follow- 
ing rules: 

3. In inspecting all lumber, both sides of the piece shall 
be taken into consideration in making the grade. In in- 
specting common grades, any board that will produce the 
required amount of cuttings of the regular thickness shall 
be passed, even if the balance of the board is not of the 
standard thickness, subject to restrictions of rule for mis- 
sawed stock. 

4. The face side of lumber is the side showing the best 
quality or appearance. 

5. Pieces of lumber that would take two or three 
standard defects may have large defects equal in damage 
to two or three standard defects. 

6. In grades below Firsts and Seconds and in woods 
where no Select grade is provided, boards 6 inches and over 
wide with one clear face shall be raised a grade above the 
reverse side. 

7. Lumber shipped rough must be accepted on grades 
as shown in the rough, and not subject to any changes 
which may be caused by future mill working, except as to 
stained sap, as hereinafter stated. 

8. Sap that will show bright after dressing to standard 
thickness shall be considered bright ; all sap to be estimated 
in the average, 

9. Any stain that will show bright after dressing to 
standard thickness shall not be considered a defect. 

10. Splits that do not diverge more than one inch for 
each foot in length are to be considered straight splits. 

11. Ordinary season checks are not to be considered 
defects. 

12. A straight split not exceeding 6 inches in length in 
one end of a piece of lumber 8 inches and over wide shall 
not be considered a defect. 



10 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 

13. The rules for the inspection of lumber are intended 
to define the poorest piece that will go into a given grade; 
all the better boards up to the next higher grade being also 
included in the grade described. Line boards twelve 
feet and longer shall be given advantage in grade, and 
eleven feet and shorter reduced. 



14. CLEAR FACE CUTTINGS must show one face 
clear of all defects excepting bright sap, except as herein- 
after stated. 

The reverse side of Clear Face Cuttings may contain 
small defects, or one large defect not exceeding 2 inches in 
diameter that will not materially weaken the strength of 
the piece, and that will not show through to the face when 
worked. 

SOUND CUTTINGS may contain firm knots; pin worm 
holes, sap and other defects which would not materially 
weaken the strength of the piece. 

The word "Cuttings" is intended to include both rippings 
and cuttings. 

15. LOG RUN means the full run of the log with all 
boards included that will cut 50% or better into sound 
cuttings. The smallest cutting allowed must contain 72 
square inches and must not be shorter than 2 feet nor 
narrower than 3 inches, Walnut and Cherry excepted, 
which will allow a minimum of 33 1/3 % sound cuttings and 
the dimensions for the smallest cutting to be the same as 
above. 



16. COMMON AND BETTER means the full run of 
the log, with all grades below No. 1 Common excluded. 
This grade must contain at least 25 % of Firsts and Seconds. 

16a. THE PERCENTAGES OF FIRSTS required in 

the combined grade of Firsts and Seconds in the different 

woods are as follows: 

50%— Poplar. 

40% — Basswood, Soft Elm, Mexican Mahogany, Cotton- 
wood, Magnolia, Willow. 

35 % — African Mahogany. 

33 1-3%— White Ash, Birch, Hard Maple, Chestnut, Syca- 
more, Red and White Oak (Plain and Quartered), 
Buckeye, Red and Sap Gum. 

25% — Soft Maple, Brown and Black Ash, Cuban Mahog- 
any, Hackberry. 

20% — Beech, Butternut, Rock Elm, Hickory, Pecan, Wal- 
nut and Cherry. 

Cypress, Tupelo, Black Gum, (see Grading Rules 
of the Southern Cvpress Association, New Orleans, 
La.) 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 11 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 
Measurement: 

17. Lumber must be inspected and measured as the 
inspector finds it, of full length and width. He shall make 
no allowance for the purpose of raising the grade. 

18. In the measurement of all lumber, fractions exactly 
on the half foot are to be dropped, and all fractions above 
the half foot are to be counted to the next higher figure on 
the board rule. In quarter-sawed lumber where there is a 
bevel the first YL" is to be measured, all in excess of Y" 
is to be measured off. 

19. A careful piece tally must be kept of all lumber 
showing the face measure. This shall be considered the 
board measure in all lumber one inch and thinner. To 
obtain the board measure in stock thicker than one inch, 
multiply the face measurement by the thickness in inches. 

20. In the absence of the shortest lengths in the grade 
where the same is allowed, the per cent of the next longer 
lengths may be increased proportionately. 

21. Tapering lumber shall be measured at one-third the 
length of the board from the narrow end, except strips. 

22. All widths and lengths mentioned in these rules 
shall be inclusive. 

23. The standard lengths are four to twenty feet, with 
fifteen per cent of odd lengths in feet in any grade admitted 
as standard lengths. 

24. The standard thicknesses for rough stock are: Y%, 
Y2,H,%, 1, 1H, 1H, 1%, 2, 2X, 2V 2 , 2%, 3, 3M. 3H. 3M 
and 4 inches. 10% of the shipment may be 1/16" scant 
of the standard thickness. 

25. Lumber showing any greater variation in thickness 
than: 1/16" in Yi-inch. stock, Y" in % & %-inch stock, 
Y± in 1 & 1-M-inch stock, Yt" in l-H & 2-inch stock, %,* 
in over 2-inch stock, must be graded as in the regular grade 
shown according to defects, etc., but measured at the thin 
part, and tallied separately as mis-sawed lumber. 

In Common grades the percentage of cuttings required 
must be the part of the lumber only required to show the 
above variations. 



12 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



Standard Defects. 



26. Each one of the following items constitutes a 
standard defect, any of which may appear in the board up 
to the limit specified in the rule covering its quality. 

a. One knot one and one-fourth inches in diameter. 

b. Two knots so located that they will not exceed in 
damage one standard knot. 

c. Worm holes, grub holes, or rafting pin holes not ex- 
ceeding in damage one standard knot. 

d. Heart, shake, rot, dote, or any other defects not ex- 
ceeding in damage one standard knot. 

e. Bark or waney edge not to exceed one inch in the 
average, running not to exceed one-third the length of the 
board, only showing on one side and to be measured. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 13 



POPLAR 



General Instructions, and the following rules are to 
govern the inspection: 

Bright Burls that will dress smooth are not to be con- 
sidered defects in any grade. 

Sound Gum Spots are no defect in any grade. Open 
Gum Spots to be considered by the inspector. 

The standard lengths and thicknesses are as designated 
under the heading of each grade. 

Grades and Nomenclature. 
The following are the standard grades of Poplar lumber 
adopted and the terms by which they are to be known: 

Rough Stock. 

Grades. Standard Thicknesses 

Panel and Wide No. 1 % to 2 inches 

Fas or Firsts and Seconds combined as one 

grade % to 4 inches 

Selects y% to 4 inches 

Saps % to 2 inches 

Wide No. 2 ' % to 2 inches 

No. 1 Common % to 4 inches 

No. 2 Common ^ to 4 inches 

No. 3 Common % to 4 inches 

No. 4 Common % to 4 inches 

Scoots Ys to 4 inches 

Car Sign Boards 1 to 2)4. inches 

Wagon Box Boards 1 inch 

Shorts % to 4 inches 

Strips % to 2 inches 

Quartered Poplar. 

Fas or Firsts and Seconds % to 2 inches 

No. 1 Common % to 2 inches 

No. 2 Common % to 2 inches 

Squares. 

4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10, 11x11, and 12x12. 
Fas or Firsts and Seconds. 
No. 1 Common. ' 

Panel and Wide No. 1. 

Panel and Wide No. 1 are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



POPLAR. 

Widths: 18 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Bright sap no defect. 

Panel. — 8 and 9-foot lengths must be clear. 

Seventy-five per cent of the total quantity must be clear 
of defects on both sides; the balance of the quantity may 
contain three defects, provided ninety per cent of the piece 
can be used for Panels four feet and longer, in the full width 
of the board. 

Splits six inches long in one end not to be considered a 
defect in any board; splits longer than six inches not to be 
admitted. 

"Wide No. 1. — 8 and 9-foot lengths will admit one stand- 
ard defect. 

10 and 11-foot will admit two standard defects. 

12 to 16-foot will admit three standard defects. 

17 to 20-foot will admit four standard defects. 

Splits admitted not to exceed fifteen inches in not to 
exceed ten per cent of the pieces. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 7 to 17 inches, up to 2 inches thick, 234 inches 
and thicker, 7 inches and over wide. 

Thicknesses : St andard. 

Firsts shall be S inches and over wide. 

8 to 9 inches must be clear. 

10 to 11 inches will admit 1 inch of bright sap. 

12 to 14 inches will admit one standard defect and 2 
inches of bright sap, or 4 inches of bright sap if there are 
no knots or equal defects. 

15 to 17 inches will admit two standard defects, or one 
standard defect and 3 inches of bright sap, or 6 inches of 
bright sap if there are no knots or equal defects. 

Seconds shall be 7 inches and over wide. 

7 inches must be clear. 

8 inches will admit 1 inch of bright sap. 

9 to 11 inches will admit one standard defect and 1 inch 
of bright sap, or 3 inches of bright sap or equal defects. 

12 to 14 inches will admit two standard defects and 2 
inches of bright sap, or one standard defect and 4 inches of 
bright sap, or 5 inches of bright sap if there are no other 
defects. 

15 to 17 inches will admit three standard defects or two 
standard defects and 3 inches of bright sap, or 6 inches of 
bright sap if there are no other defects. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 15 



POPLAR. 



Splits net to exceed" in length the width of the board 
admitted and to be considered one standard defect, and 
not over twenty per cent of the whole in either quality 
may be so split. 

Selects. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Selects shall include the following different kinds of 
boards: 

(1) A board having a face side as good as a First, the 
other side must be as good as a No. 2 Common. Sun 
checks admitted on the poor side of this board. 

(2) A board having a face side as good as a Second, the 
other side must be as good as a No. 1 Common. 

(3) A board that has one more standard defect than 
would admit it to a Second. Examples: 

(a) A board 6 to 7 inches wide with one standard defect. 

(b) A board 8 inches wide with 1 inch of bright sap and 
one standard defect. 

(c) Boards 9 to 11 inches wide with 2 inches of bright 
sap and two standard defects, and accordingly as widths 
increase. 

Splits not to exceed the width of the board up to 10 inches 
are admitted. Boards over 10 inches in width will admit 
a split one-sixth the length of the board. 

Saps. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 4 to 17 inches. 

Thicknesses : Standard . 

Saps will admit standard defects as follows: 

Up to 10 inches wide, none. 

11 to 12 inches wide, one. 

13 inches and wider, two. 

Splits not to exceed the width of the board up to 10 inches 
are admitted. Boards over 10 inches in width will admit 
a split one-sixth the length of the board, if there are no 
other defects.- 

Bright sap or sap that will show bright after dressing to 
standard thickness admitted. 



16 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

POPLAR. 
Wide No. 2. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 inches and 28 inches 
and over. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Bright sap no defect. 

8-foot lengths will admit two standard defects. 

18 inches wide, except 8-foot lengths, may contain five 
standard defects and one additional defect for each two 
inches of additional width. 

Splits equal in length to the width of the board are ad- 
mitted in not to exceed ten per cent of the boards, and are 
counted as a standard defect. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 5 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap admitted. 20% of sound discolored sap ad- 
mitted on face. 

No. 1 Common shall be inspected to grade according to 
the percentage of clear face cuttings, as shown below: 

No piece or cutting to be less than 5 inches wide and 18 
inches long. 

The following table explains fully how the widths and 
lengths of the boards are to grade: 

No. of 

Width Length Per cent. Pieces 

5 inches 8 to 14 feet 90% 2 

15 feet and over 90% 3 

6 to 7 inches 8 to 10 feet 85% 2 

11 feet and over 85% 3 

8 to 9 inches 8 to 10 feet 75% 2 

11 to 16 feet 75% 3 
17 feet and over 75% 4 

10 to 12 inches 8 to 11 feet 70% 2 

12 to 16 feet 70% 3 
17 feet and over 70% 4 

13 in. and over 8 to 11 feet 66 2-3% 3 

12 to 16 feet 66 2-3% 4 

17 ft. & over 66 2-3% 5 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths : 6 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
8 feet. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



POPLAR. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard . 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 Common and that will work 
at least 50% into sap or clear face cuttings. No cutting 
to be less than 4 inches wide and 2 feet long. 

Sound discolored sap is not to be considered a defect in 
this grade. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard. 

No. 3 Common must contain at least 50 % sound cuttings. 

No cutting to be less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 

Scoots. 

Scoots shall include all lumber not up to the grade of 
No. 4 Common. 



STANDARD GRADES FOR SPECIFIC 
PURPOSES. 

Car Sign Boards. 

Lengths: 12 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
20% may be 12 and 13 feet, 20% 14 and 15 feet, and the 
balance 16 to 20 feet. 

Widths: 13 to 17 inches. 

Thicknesses: 1, \\i, \y 2 , 2 and 2y 2 inches. 

The face side must be free from all defects except bright 
sap. 

The reverse side of this stock must be sound and rigid, 

for the purpose of making a solid support for the face. 

Defects are allowed on the back which will not materially 

impair the strength of the piece. 



18 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



POPLAR. 



Wagon Box Boards. 

Widths: Wide, 13 to 17 inches. Narrow, 9 to 12 inches. 

Lengths: 11 to 16 ft. 

Thickness: Must be 1 inch thick when shipping dry. 

Defects: Bright or sound discolored sap or a few scat- 
tered pin worm holes admitted. 

11 ft. lengths will admit 3 inch split in one end. or their 
equivalent in one or both ends. 

12, 13, 15 and 16 ft. lengths will admit of a 12 inch split 
in one end, or its equivalent in one or both ends; 14 ft. 
lengths will admit of splits not to exceed 6 inches in one end 
or its equivalent in both ends; otherwise, each piece in 
11 to 13 ft. lengths may contain defects that do not prevent 
the piece from cutting one side; or in each piece 14 to 16 ft. 
long, one side and one end; sides to work 10 feet 6 inches 
long; ends to work 3 feet 6 inches long by the full width of 
the piece. Each side and end may contain one sound 
standard defect, or its equivalent, showing on one side. 

Note. — Five percent in feet of a shipment that can be 
reduced in measurement by cutting the end or edge or 
both to a size ordered must be accepted and measured as 
Boxboards, separate tally to be kept of such boards, show- 
ing reduction and measurement. 

SHORTS. 

Lengths: 12 to 42 inches — in multiples of 6 inches. 
Widths: 3 inches and up. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 



No. 1. 

Will admit not to exceed one 6-inch split and two stand- 
ard defects. 

No. 2. 

Shall work 50% sound cutting. 

Wane admitted not to exceed 3 inches in width and one- 
third the length of the piece on one edge or the equivalent 
on both edges. 

This is to be. used for Box Shook or cutting up purposes. 



STRIPS. 

Strips shall be measured at the narrow end and tallied 
lengths separate on the half and even inches. In event 
of beveled edges, the narrow face shall be measured. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 19 



POPLAR. 



20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 2*4 3, 3H. 4, 4^, 5, 5^ and 6 inches. 

Thicknesses : Standard . 

No. 1 Strips shall be clear of all defects, excepting 1 inch 
of bright sap showing only on one face. 

Select Strips will admit bright sap without limit, or, in 
the absence of sap, two sound knots, not to exceed 24-inch 
each in diameter, or one standard defect. 

No. 1 Common Strips will admit bright or sound dis- 
colored sap without limit. In addition thereto 8 to 12-foot 
lengths may have two standard defects; 14-foot and over, 
three. 

No. 2 Common Strips will admit all pieces that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 Common, which can be used 
for cheap work without waste of more than one-third the 
length of any one piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. 

SQUARES. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths 
Sizes: 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10 and 12x12. 
Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Common. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 
Firsts are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and 
checks, but may have other defects, as follows: 



4"x 4" 8 to 12 feet long 

4"x 4* 13 feet and longer 

fo"x 5"\ ( 8 to 12 feet long 

\6"x 6"j \13 feet and longer 

7"x 7" 8 to 12 feet long 

7"x 7" 13 feet and longer 

8"x 8" 8 to 12 feet long 

8"x 8" 13 feet and longer 

9"x 9" 8 to 12 feet long 

9"x 9" 13 feet and longer 

10"xl0;' 8 to 12 feet long 

12"xl2" 13 feet and longer 

Seconds will admit all knots, as described in Firsts, but 

bright sap will be admitted without limit. 







Bright 






Sap on 


Standard 




2 


Knots 




edges 


1 


or 


2" 


1 


and 


2" 


1 


or 


2" 


2 


and 


3" 


2 


or 


3" 


2 


and 


3" 


3 


or 


3" 


3 


and 


3" 


4 


or 


3" 


4 


and 


3" 


5 


or 


4" 


5 


and 


4" 



20 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

POPLAR. 

No. 1 Common. 

No. 1 Common Squares will include all Squares not up 
to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that will cut two-thirds 
their length clear in pieces that can be used for newells and 
short turnings not less than 3 feet long, or will admit of 
stained sap without limit, if they have no more defects than 
would go in a Second, or will admit of season checks running 
full length of two sides. 

QUARTERED POPLAR. 

Defects in this kind of Poplar differ from those in plain 
sawed, and consist largely of spike knots and open gum 
spots. 

Bright sap no defect. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 5 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard. 

5 inches must be clear. 

6 to 7 inches, 8 to 12 feet long, will admit two knots 
showing 1-inch space on edge, or one defect condensed not 
exceeding a 2-inch space. 

6 to 7 inches, 14 feet and longer, will admit three knots 
showing 1-inch space on edge, or one or two defects con- 
densed not exceeding 3 inches in space. 

8 to 9 inches, 8 to 12 feet long, will admit two knots 
showing 1 Yi inches space on edge, or one defect condensed 
not exceeding 3 inches in space. 

8 to 9 inches, 14 feet long and longer, will admit three 
knots \Yi inches in space on edge, or one or two defects 
condensed not exceeding the same. 

10 inches and wider, 8 to 12 feet long, will admit two 
knots 2 inches in space on edge, or one defect condensed 
not exceeding the same. 

10 inches and wider, 14 feet and longer, will admit three 
knots 2 inches in space on edge, or one or two defects con- 
densed not exceeding the same. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 21 

POPLAR (Quartered). 
No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: S feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap no defect. 

No. 1 Common shall be inspected to grade according to 
the percentage of clear face quartered cuttings as shown 
below. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 4 inches wide and 18 
inches long. 

The following table explains fully how the widths and 
lengths of boards are to grade: 









No. 


Width 


Length 


Per cent. 


Pes. 


4 inches 


8 to 12' 


So 


2 


" 


13 to 20' 


85 


3 


5 to 6" 


8 to 10' 


80 


2 


" 


11 to 14' 


80 


3 


" 


15 and 16' 


80 


4 


" 


17 to 20' 


80 


5 


7 to 8' 


8 to 12' 


70 


3 


" 


13 to 16' 


70 


4 


" 


17 to 20' 


70 


5 


9' and wider 


8 to 12' 


66 2-3 


3 


" 


13 to 16' 


66 2-3 


4 


" 


17 and 18' 


66 2-3 


5 


" 


19 and 20' 


66 2-3 


6 




No. 2 Common. 







Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 10 %"pf odd lengths; 
25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard. 

Bright or slightly discolored sap no defect. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 Common that will work at 
least 50 % into clear face quartered cuttings. No piece or 
cutting to be less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. 

POPLAR, DRESSED OR WORKED. 

General Instructions. 

1. Dressed Poplar shall be inspected from the best or 
face side. The reverse side may contain defective dressing 
but no other defects that would not go in the grade. 



22 H. M. A. OF THE U, S. 

POPLAR (Dressed). 
General Instructions (Continued). 

2. Slightly chipped grain on face side admitted, pro- 
vided it does not exceed 6 inches square in Firsts and Sec- 
onds, 12 inches square in Saps and Selects, and 18 inches 
square in No. 1 Common in the aggregate. 

3. Imperfect manufacture in dressed or worked stock, 
such as torn grain, broken knots, mis-matched, insufficient 
tongue or groove, shall be considered defects and will reduce 
the grade accordingly. 

4. Partition, Ceiling, Flooring or Drop Siding, having 
less than three-sixteenths of an inch tongue, shall not be 
admitted in any grade above No. 2 Common. 

5. Wane on the reverse side, not exceeding one-third 
the width, and running not to exceed one-sixth the length 
of any piece, provided the wane does not extend into the 
tongue, or over one-half the thickness below the groove, 
will be admitted. 

Bevel Siding. 

Bevel Siding is made from 1x4, 5 and 6-inch strips_ 
S4S to 27/32 x 3%, 4% and 5 j^ inches and resawed on 
a bevel. 

No. 1. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd 
lengths. Must be practically free of defects except 1 inch 
of sap or two knots on thin edge that will cover by lap. 

SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. Will admit two sound knots 2<" in diameter, 
or one standard defect. Sap admitted without limit. 

No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 
15% of odd lengths. Sound- discolored sap and scattering 
pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in this grade 
In addition thereto boards may contain standard defects 
or their equivalent as follows: 

4-foot lengths, one. 

5 to 9-foot lengths, two. 

10 to 14-foot lengths, three. 

15 to 20-foot lengths, four. 

No. 2 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 
15% of odd lengths. Will admit all pieces that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 Common which can be used 
for cheap siding without waste of more than one-third the 
ength of any one piece. Pin- worm holes admitted. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 23 

POPLAR (Dressed). 
Drop Siding. 

Made from 1x4, 5" and 6-inch strips. 

Widths: 3}4, 4J4> 5 34 inches net face, counted as 4, 5 
and 6-inch respectively. 

Thickness: % inch net after surfacing. 

The above covers all grades. 

No. 1. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd 
lengths. Must be practically free of defects on face side, 

SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. Will admit two sound knots %" in diameter, 
or one standard defect. Sap admitted without limit. 

No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 
15% of odd lengths. Sound discolored sap and scattering 
pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in this grade. 
In addition thereto boards may contain standard defects 
or their equivalent as follows: 

4-foot lengths, one. 

5 to 9-foot lengths, two. 

10 to 14-foot lengths, three. 

15 to 20-foot lengths, four. 

No. 2 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 
15% of odd lengths. Will admit all pieces that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 Common which can be used 
for cheap siding without waste of more than one-third the 
length of any one piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. 

Dressed Dimension Strips. 

Widths, 3 inches, and over; stock S2S }i inch scant in 
width; stock S 4 S y% inch scant in width. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 1 Dimension: Lengths, 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. Each piece must be practically clear on 
one face, 7 to 9" widths, 1" of bright sap admitted on one 
edge showing on face side, 10 to 12" widths 1}4" of bright 
sap admitted on one edge showing on face side. 

SELECT Dimension: Lengths, 6 to 20 feet, admitting 
15% of odd lengths. Bright sap admitted without limit, 
and in addition thereto one standard defect or its equivalent 
admitted in boards 8" and under wide, and two standard 
defects or their equivalent admitted in boards 9 to 12" in- 
clusive. 

No. 1 COMMON Dimension: Lengths, 4 to 20 feet, 
admitting 15% of odd lengths. Shall admit of any number 
of sound knots that paint will cover, the board to work full 
length and width. Bright or sound discolored sap and 



24 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

POPLAR (Dressed). 

scattered pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in 
this grade. 

No. 2 COMMON Dimension: Lengths, 4 to 20 feet, 
admitting 15% of odd lengths. Shall include all boards 
that will work two-thirds or more of the same grade as 
No. 1 Common, in not to exceed three cuts the full width 
of the boards, no cutting to be shorter than 3 feet. 

Casing and Base. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 

Widths: Net, 3M. 4H. 5H. 6H, 7J4 8^ and 9H 
inches, counted J^-inch wider than net face. 

Thickness: 13/16 inch after surfacing. 

The above refers to and covers all grades. 

FIRSTS AND SECONDS. Each piece must be prac- 
tically clear on face side. 

7 to 10-inch widths, 1 inch of bright sap admitted on one 
edge, showing on face side. 

SAPS AND SELECTS. Bright sap admitted without 
limit, and in addition one standard defect or its equivalent 
to be admitted in boards 8" and under, and two standard 
defects or their equivalent in boards 9 to 10* wide. 

No. 1 COMMON. This grade will include all stock that 
will not come up to the grade of Saps and Selects, that will 
work two-thirds of its length clear face in pieces 3 feet long 
and longer, regardless of sap. Stained sap, without limit, 
where there are no other defects, admitted in this grade. 

Flooring and Ceiling. 

Widths: 2\i, 3 34. 4K and 534 inches net face, counted 
as 3, 4, 5 and 6 inches, respectively. 

Stock finished on the one-half inch shall be counted three- 
quarter inch wider than net face. 

Thicknesses: Flooring, 13/ 16" after surfacing. Ceiling, 
5/16" counted as %", 7/16" counted as J^", 9/16" counted 
as Ys,", and 11/16" counted as %". 

The above covers all grades. 

No. 1. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd 
lengths. Must be practically free from defects on face side. 

SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. Bright sap without limit or in the absence 
of sap two sound knots not to exceed % inch in diameter 
or one standard.defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 25 

POPLAR (Dressed). 

No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 
15% of odd lengths. Bright or sound discolored sap and 
scattering pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in 
this grade. In addition thereto boards may contain the 
following standard defects or their equivalent: 
4-foot lengths, one. 
6 to 10-foot lengths, two. 

12 to 14-foot lengths, three. 

16 to 20-foot lengths, four. 

No. 2 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 
15% of odd lengths. 

Will admit all pieces that will not come up to the grade 
of No. 1 Common which can be used for cheap work with- 
out waste of more than one-third the length of any one 
piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. 

' Partition. 

The rules for Flooring and Ceiling shall apply, except 
that the reverse side of the piece must not be of a lower 
grade than the face. 

Mouldings. 
No. 1. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
20% of 8, 9 and 10 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 10 
feet. 

Widths, thickness and pattern to be governed by Uni- 
versal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: 

Bright sap or slightly discolored sap shall be admitted 
without limit; otherwise clear, except slightly chipped grain 
not to exceed one-twelfth the length of any one piece. 

No. 2. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% of 6, 7 and 8 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. 

Widths, thickness and pattern to be governed by Uni- 
versal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: 

No. 2 will include all moulding that will not come up to 
the grade of No. 1 that will work 50% clear in pieces 4 feet 
and longer. Sound discolored sap is no defect. 



26 • H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



PLAIN SAWED OAK, RED OR WHITE. 

General instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Standard Grades: Fas, Step Plank, Select, No. 1 Com- 
mon, No. 2 Common, Fas Wormy, No. 1 Common Wormy, 
Core Stock, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

The standard lengths and thicknesses are as designated 
under the heading of each grade. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths : 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
S to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece 
admitted and to be considered as one standard defect and 
not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 

Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece on the face 
side is no defect. 

STEP PLANK. 

Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Common. 
Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 10% of odd lengths. 
Widths: 10 to 15 inches. 
Thicknesses: 1, 1%, iy 2 and 2 inches. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 
(Step Plank) 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, and must 
show one face and one edge practically free from all defects. 
The other side and other edge may contain sound defects 
that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece. 

Ten feet and over long may have one split not exceeding 
12 inches in length. 

No. 1 Common. 

(Step Plank) 

No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up to the grade 
of Firsts and Seconds, that can be used for Step Plank with- 
out waste of more than one-third of the piece. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long by the full 
width of the piece. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 27 

PLAIN RED OR WHITE OAK. 
Implement. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. Lengths: S feet and over. 

Will admit only practically sound defects equal to those 
permitted in standard grade of Fas, well scattered pin 
and spot worm holes; small sound knots or equivalent de- 
fects that will not impair the use of the piece for the pur- 
pose intended. 

Selects. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths, 
not over 30% under 12 feet, and not to exceed 5% of 6 and 
7 feet. 

Widths: 5 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect. 

Inspection to be made from the good side of the piece. 
Pieces 6 feet and 7 feet must be clear one face and sound 
on the reverse side. 

Pieces 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, must 
grade not below seconds on the best face. The reverse side 
of pieces 8 feet and over long, must work at least 80% sound. 

This grade may also include pieces other than those 
described above, below the grade of seconds, that will work 
at least 80% clear face, as follows: 12 feet and shorter, 
2 cuttings; 13 feet and longer,' 3 cuttings. 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches. It must not be shorter than 18 inches, nor narrow- 
er than 5 inches. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 
Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 
4-6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 8 inches 
wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66-2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 



28 H..M. A. OF THE U. S. 

PLAIN RED OR WHITE OAK. 
No. 2 Common. 

Lengths : 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is no defect. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear 
face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 

Fas Wormy. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, not to exceed 5%, under 8 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

To grade the same as present rule covering regular grade 
of Fas, except that spot worm holes, scattered pin worm 
holes and bird peck shall not be considered defects. 

No. 1 Common Wormy. 

Lengths : 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, not to exceed 5% under 
8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

To grade the same as present rule covering regular grade 
of No. 1 Common as to size and number of cuttings. The 
cuttings may contain pin and spot worm holes, shot worm 
holes and bird peck. 

Core Stock. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

This stock to work full length and width except that wane 
not over Yi inch deep and not over 3 feet long, and splits or 
heart shake not exceeding in length the width of the board, 
shall not be considered defects. This grade will admit all 
defects that will not interfere with its use for core purposes. 
These defects largely being worm holes, ingrown bark, 
bird peck and sound knots. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must work at least 50% sound cutting. 
No piece or cutting can be shorter than 2 feet, nor nar- 
rower than 3 inches. 

Sound discolored sap is no defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 29 

PLAIN RED OR WHITE OAK— LOCUST. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 

STRIPS. 

Strips shall be measured at the narrow end and tallied 
lengths separate on the half and even inches. In event 
of beveled edges, the narrow face shall be measured. 

Bright sap is no defect. 

Clear Face Strips. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 6, 7 and S feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
8 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2%, 3, 3J4 4, 4K. 5 and 5M inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must show one clear face, free from all defects. 

No. 1 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25 % may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not t© exceed 5 % 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2}4, 3, 3J4 4, 4J4 5 and 5H inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

This grade must work 66-2/3% clear face in not more 
than two pieces. No piece or cutting admitted which is 
less than 3 feet long and 2 inches wide. 

No. 2 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2 H. 3, 3 J4, 4, 4 y 2 , 5 and 5 Y 2 inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

This grade must work 50% clear face. No piece or 
cutting to be considered less than 2 feet long and 2 inches 
wide. 

Sound discolored sap is no defect. 



LOCUST. 

Locust to be graded same as plain Oak and standard 
grades shall be Fas, No. 1, Common No. 2 Common No. 3 
Common and No. 4 Common. 



30 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

QUARTER SAWED OAK 
RED OR WHITE 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Standard Grades: Fas, Step Plank, Selects, No. 1 Com- 
mon, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, and must 
show figure covering at least 90% of the face side. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
S to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

One inch of bright sap is not a defect; each additional 
inch of sap to be considered as one standard defect. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and to be considered as one standard defect and 
not over 20 % of the whole in either quality may be so split. 



STEP PLANK. 

Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Common. 
Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 10% of odd lengths. 
Widths: 10 to 15 inches. 
Thicknesses: 1, 1M. 1}4 and 2 inches. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Step Plank. 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, and must 
show one face and one edge practically free from all defects. 
The other side and other edge may contain sound defects 
that will not materia lly weaken the strength of the piece 

75% of the face side must show figure. 

10 feet and over long may have one split not exceeding 
12 inches in length. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 31 

QUARTERED RED OR WHITE OAK. 
No. 1 Common Step Plank. 

No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up to the 
grade of Firsts and Seconds, that can be used for Step Plank 
without waste of more than one- third of the piece. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long by the full 
width of the piece. 

Selects. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
not over 30% under 12 feet, and not to exceed 5% of 6 and 
7 feet. 

Widths: 5 inches and wider. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect. 

Inspection to be made from the good side of the piece. 
Pieces 6 feet and 7 feet must be clear one face and sound 
on the reverse side. 

Pieces 5 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, must 
grade not below seconds on the best face. The reverse side 
of pieces 8 feet and over long, must work at least 80% 
sound. 

This grade may also include pieces other than those 
described above, below the grade of seconds, that will work 
at least 80% clear face, as follows: 12 feet and shorter, 
2 cuttings; 13 feet and longer. 3 cuttings. 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches. It must not be shorter than 18 inches, nor nar- 
rower than 5 inches. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25 % may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5 % 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 

4-6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide ; 
over 8 inches will admit one standard defect. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear fig- 
ured face cutting as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

3 to 11 inches , 7 to 11 feet 2 

3 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

3 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 3 inches. 



32 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

QUARTERED RED OR WHITE OAK. 
No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear 
figured face cuttings. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches. 

All cuttings must show figure on face side. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound figured 
cuttings. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 

STRIPS. 

Strips shall be measured at the narrow end and tallied 
lengths separate on the half and even inches. In event 
of beveled edges, the narrow face shall be measured. 

Clear Face Strips. 

Must show figure covering at least 90% of the face side. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
8 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2J4 3, S}4, 4, 4 %,, 5 and 5 ^ inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must show one clear figured face free from 
all defects, excepting one-half inch of bright sap on 2, 2 J4, 
3 and 3J4-inch strips, and 1 inch on 4, 4% 5 and 5H-inch 
strips. 



H. M.-A. OF THE U. S. 33 

QUARTERED RED OR WHITE OAK. 

No. 1 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
Lder 8 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2 y 2 , 3 and 3 y 2 inches. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 
Bright sap is not a defect. 

Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear figured face in not 
are than two pieces. No piece or cutting to be considered 
lich is less than 3 feet long and 2 inches wide. 

No. 2 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
J may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
eet. 

Widths: 2, 2 34. 3, 3H» 4, 4H. 5 and o l A inches. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 

This grade must work 50 % clear figured face. No piece 
cutting to be considered which is less than 2 feet long by 
Inches wide. Sound discolored sap is no defect. 



34 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR RAILROAD 

CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBER 

AND SOUND SQUARE EDGE OAK. 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 

Those who are not familiar with the anatomy of the oa; 
tree should, when reading over these rules, take into cor 
sideration that the rule describes the poorest piece tha 
goes into the grade and that a large per cent is above th 
grade described. 

Definition of Oak for Construction Purposes. 

The term "Construction Oak" means all such product 
of Oak in which the strength and durability of the timbe 
is the controlling element in its selection and use. Th 
following is a list of products which are recommended fo 
consideration as "Construction Oak:" 

Firsts are to be sound and free from heart, shakes an< 
checks, but may have other defects, as follows: 

I.— CONSTRUCTION OAK. 

(A) Trestle and Bridge Timbers: Mud Sills, Stringers 
Caps, Posts, Bracing, Bridge Ties, Guard Pails 
Struts and Girts, Sash and Sway Braces. 

(B) Docking and Platform Timbers: Mud Sills, Posts. 
Bracing, Caps, Stringers, Joists, Dock and Platforrc 
or Flooring Plank and Wales. 

(C) Platform or Flooring Plank can be either square 
edged or matched. 

(D) Locomotive Timbers: Sills, End and Truck Tim-i 
bers. 

(E) Car Timbers: Car Framing, including Upper 
Framing, Car Sills, End and Truck Timbers, Cai 
Decking, Inside Lining. 

(F) Ties: Switch Ties, Cross Ties. 

(G) Framing for Building: Mud Sills, Posts, Girders 
Framing, Joists, etc. 

(H) Bridge and Crossing Plank: Railroad Crossing: 
Plank, Bridge Floor Planking. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 35 

CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 
(I) Sheet Piling: Same as Crossing Plank, except may 

contain unlimited amount of heart. 
(J) Round Piling. 
(K) Cattle Guards. 
(L) Track or Bumper Post. 
Items A, B, C, G hereafter designated as Structural Oak. 

.—STANDARD DEFECTS. 

Definition of "Defect:" Fault, Blemish, Mark of im- 
perfection that will materially injure the strength. 

Measurements which refer to the diameter of knots or 
holes shall be considered as referring to the mean or 
average diameter. 

[I.— (A) KNOTS. 

(1) Sound Knot. A Sound Knot is one which is solid 
across its face, and which is as hard as the wood surround- 
ing it; it may be any color and contain checks. 

(2) Loose Knot. A Loose Knot is one not firmly held 
n place by growth or position. 

(3) Pith Knot. A Pith Knot is a Sound Knot with a 
Mth hole not more than V 4 " in diameter in the center. 

(4) Rotten Knot. A Rotten Knot is one that is not 
ound and not as hard as the wood surrounding it. 

(5) Pin Knot. A Pin Knot is a Sound Knot not over 
\i" in diameter. 

(6) Standard Knot. A Standard Knot is a knot not 
iver 2" in diameter. 

(7) Large Knot. A Large Knot is a Sound Knot more 
;han 2" in diameter. 

(8) Round Knot. A Round Knot is one which is oval 
ir circular in form. 

(9) Spike Knot. A Spike Knot is one sawn in length- 
vise direction. The mean or the average width shall be 
onsidered in measuring this knot. 

(10) Bird Peck. Bruises apparently caused by bird 
>ecks during the growth process of the timber. Con- 
sidered no defect. 

I.— (B) WORM DEFECTS. 

(1) Pin Worm Holes. Pin Worm Holes are very small 
loles caused by minute insects or worms. These holes 
lsually are not over 1/16" in diameter, or smaller, and the 
wood surrounding them is sound and does not show any 
evidence of the worm hole having any effect on the wood 
Jther than the opening. 



36 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 

(2) Spot Worm Defects. (Also known as Flag Worm i 
Defects.) Spot Worm Defects are caused like Pin Worm 
Holes by minute insects or worms working on the timber 
during its growth. The size of the hole is about the same 
as Pin Worm Holes, but the surrounding wood shows a col- 
ored spot as evidence of the defect. This spot is usually 
sound, and does not affect the strength of the piece. 

(3) Grub Worm Holes. Grub Worm Holes are usually 
from about }4" to 3/16" in width, and vary in length from 
about 1" to 1 x /i" or 1J^" and are caused by grubs working 
in the wood. 

(4) Wooden Rafting Pin Holes. This defect sometimes 
appears on river timber which has been rafted and holes 
bored in the solid wood for tying the timber, and a solid 
plug or pin driven in the hole, filling it completely. These 
defects must be treated and considered the same as Knot 
Defects. Ordinary Metal, Rafting Pin or Chain Dog Hole 
is considered no defect. 

II.— (C) SAP. 

Definition of "Sap:" The Alburnum of a tree — the ex- 
terior part of the wood next to the bark — Sap Wood, not 
considered a defect. 

Sound Heart: The term Sound Heart is used in these 
rules whenever heart of piece is split or opened and shows 
on outside of piece and its condition is sound and solid, not 
decayed. Openings between annual rings or checks not 
considered a defect. 

II.— (D) WANE. 

Wane is bark or lack of wood from any cause on edges of 
timber. 
II.— (E) SHAKES. 

Definition of "Shakes:" Shakes are splits or checks in 
the timber which usually cause a separation of the wood 
between the annual rings. 

(1) Ring Shakes. Ring Shakes are openings between 
the annual rings usually showing only on the end of timber. 

(2) Through Shakes. Through Shakes are shakes 
which extend between two faces of the timber. 

(3) Checks. A small crack in the wood due to season- 
ing, not considered a defect. 

II.— (F) GRAIN. 

Crooked or Cross Grain. Crooked or Cross Grain cross- 
es the piece within a section 24" in running length of the 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 37 

CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 

[piece. This is only considered a defect in certain smaller 
sizes of dimension for specific purposes. 

k— (G) ROT. 

Any form of decay which may be detected as giving the 
imber a doty or rotten texture is a rot defect, including 
phat is commonly known as dry rot. Water stain, or 
ivhat are sometimes called scalded or burnt spots, usually 
;aused by timber lying in the water under certain condi- 
tions before it is sawed, and burnt spots where the timber 
improperly piled green, not considered defects, as they 
o not affect the strength of the piece. 



[II.— STANDARD NAMES FOR 
ONSTRUCTION OAK. 

Standard Names for Construction Oak Timber: White 
Dak and Red Oak. Unless specially mentioned, these 
ierms include the following: 

White Oak- 
White Oak. 

Chestnut or Tanbark Oak. 
Burr or Mossy Cup Oak. 
Rock Oak. 
Post or Iron Oak. 
Overcup Oak. 
Live Oak. 
Swamp Post Oak. 
Basket or Cow Oak. 
Yellow or Chinquapin Oak. 

Red Oak- 
Red Oak. 
Pin Oak. 
Black Oak. 
Water Oak. 
Willow Oak. 
Spanish Oak. 
Scarlet Oak. 
Turkey Oak. 
Black Jack or Barn Oak. 
Shingle or Laurel Oak. 
Term. — Mixed Oak means any kind of Oak. 

V.— STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR 
STRUCTURAL OAK TIMBERS 

(1) General Requirements. Except as noted, all 
Structural Timbers shall be White Oak, to be sound timber 
md sawed specified sizes ; free from ring shakes and crooked 
<rain, rotten knots, large knots in groups, rot, dote and 



38 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 

wane in amounts greater than allowed in these specifica- 
tions. 



(2) Boxed Hearts are permitted in pieces of 5x5 square 
and larger. The center of the heart should be boxed as 
near the center of the piece as practical, and not to exceed 
30% of the pieces can have the center of the heart nearer 
than lYz" from any face; 20% may show one heart face, 
corner or edge, not to exceed 75% of the length of the piece. 



(3) Wane. 

Explanatory : 

The term 20% of number of pieces or amount shipped 
refers to each item and size of each car shipped. 

(a) Pieces 5x5 to 8x8 square may show 1" wane, side 
measurement on any two corners or edges, and this wane 
not to exceed more than 25% of the length of the piece 
singly, or 50% in aggregate. In the absence of wane on 
all corners excepting one, the one corner may contain wane 
50% of the length of the piece as above described; not to 
exceed 20% of number of pieces may have this defect. 

(b) Pieces over 8x8 including 12x12 square may show 
lyi" wane side measurement edge of any two corners or 
edges, and this wane not to exceed more than 33 1-3% of 
the length of the piece singly, or 66 2/3% in aggregate. 
In the absence of wane on all corners excepting one, the 
one corner may contain wane 66 2/3% of the length of the 
piece as above described; not to exceed 20% of number of 
pieces may have this defect. 

(c) Pieces over 12x12 square may show 1%" side meas- 
urement any two corners or edges, and this wane not to 
extend more than 40% of the length of the piece singly, or 
80% in aggregate. In the absence of wane on all corners 
excepting one, the one corner may contain wane 80% of 
the length of the piece as above described; not to exceed 
20 % of number of pieces may have this defect. 

(d) In event that pieces have two faces as wide as above 
described and two faces narrower, the proportion of the 
amount of wane is admissible. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 39 

CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 

(e) Pieces 1" to 5" thick, not exceeding 8" wide, are 
governed by defect specifications above mentioned with 
the exception that they shall not contain wane, and not to 
exceed 20% of pieces 2" and thicker may show sound heart 
on one face; pieces under 2" thick must be free of heart. 
Pieces 8* and wider may contain wane as per paragraphs 
b and d. 

(f) Rough sizes of Structural Timber shall not vary 
more than Y± scant of specified size. Dressed sizes may 

be J ■>" scant after dressing. 

V.— (A) LOCOMOTIVE TIMBER OAK. 

PASSENGER COACH DIMENSION OAK. 
REFRIGERATOR CAR DIMENSION OAK. 

Thickness cut to order, widths cut to order, lengths cut 
to order. Unless otherwise noted, must be cut from White 
Oak. This stock, wherever practical, should be cut out- 
side the heart, and must be free of heart shake in pieces 
under 6x6 square. No attempt should be made to box the 
heart in pieces smaller than 5x7 unless heart is very small 
and tight. When heart is well boxed it must be firm and 
tight, and the center of the heart must not be nearer than 
2" from any face. Must be sawed full to sizes, with square 
edges, and cut from sound timber, and free from worm holes, 
with the exception of a few small pin- worm holes well 
scattered, and an occasional spot worm. None of these 
defects, however, to affect the serviceability of the piece 
for the purpose intended. Must be free from split, rot or 
dote, large, loose, rotten or unsound knots; or, in other 
words, free of all defects affecting the strength and dura- 
bility of the piece; sound standard knots well scattered 
not considered a defect. 

V.— (B) FREIGHT CAR TIMBERS. 

Freight Car Dimensions, including all cars other than 
Refrigerator and Passenger Cars. Size3 cut to order. Un- 
less otherwise ordered must be sawed from good Merchant- 
able White or Red Oak Timber. This stock must be free 
from rot, shakes and splits, large, loose, rotten or unsound 
knots, any of which will materially impair the strength 
and durability of the pieces for purposes intended. This 
stock is intended to work full size and length without waste 



40 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 

for side Posts, Braces, End Sills, End Plates, Drafting 
Timbers, Cross Ties, etc., used in the construction of or- 
dinary Freight or Stock Cars. On pieces 3" x 4" or equiva- 
lent girth measure and larger (nothing under 2" thick) 
heart check showing on one corner or side admitted on 20 % 
of the pieces in each car shipment. Well boxed, sound 
hearts admitted in this material in pieces 5x6 and larger. 

On pieces 3x4 to 6x6 inclusive, or equivalent girth mea- 
surement and larger (nothing under 2" thick) in absence of 
heart defects, wane on one corner, %" side measurement 
admitted. 

Pieces over 6" x 6" square may contain 1* wane side 
measurement on one corner, with other conditions same as 
3x4 to 6x6 sizes. 

V.— (C) TIES. 

(1) Switch Ties Sawed. Thicknesses cut to order; widths 
cut to order; lengths cut to order; unless noted, to be White 
Oak. Must contain three sound solid sides. One face or 
one corner (not both) may show sound heart. Large sound 
knots, pin, spot or an occasional grub worm hole not con- 
sidered a defect. Sizes may vary J^" from specified sizes. 

(2) Cross Ties Sawed. Specifications same as Switch 
Ties. 

V.— (D) BRIDGE, DOCK, CROSSING PLANK. 

Lengths, cut to order. 

Widths, cut to order. 

Thicknesses, cut to order. 

Sizes cut to order, probably 2", 3" and 4" thick, 6", 8", 
10" and 12" wide, 12', 14' and 16' long. 

This product is intended to work full one good sound 
face, and this face side must be square edge. Sound knots 
small pin and spot worm holes no defect on face side. 

Must be free from rot and shake; practically square 
edges, admitting 1" of wane on each edge of reverse face, 
running two-thirds the length. Sound hearts on one side, 
rafting pin holes, knot holes, or grub holes not exceeding 
2" in diameter admitted. 

V.— (E) SHEET PILING. 

Same as V (D), except that it may contain sound heart 
or heart check. 

V.— (F) CATTLE GUARDS. 

To be governed by specifications for Construction Oak, 
reference IV. 

V.— (G) TRACK END OR BUMPING POSTS. 

To be governed by specifications for Structural Timbers, 
reference IV. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 41 

SOUND, SQUARE EDGE OAK. 

Timbers: The center of the heart should be boxed as 
near the center of the piece as practical, not over 20% may 
show heart not to exceed 75% of the length of the piece in 
the aggregate. Not over 20% may show wane, not ex- 
ceeding one-sixth of the width of the piece in the aggregate. 

Surface shake extending not over one-sixth the length 
of the piece, worm holes,- knots, splits or other defects that 
do not materially impair the strength of the piece in working 
full length and width permitted. Ordinary season checks 
are no defect. 

Plank: To have one sound face and two square edges 
on the face side, the face to be free from large unsound 
knots, rot or rafting pin holes, but will admit sound knots 
and other defects, none of which shall exceed in extent or 
damage a sound knot 2" in diameter in pieces 8* and under 
wide, and a sound knot 3" in diameter in pieces over 8* 
wide. The reverse side will admit heart and other defects 
that do not materially weaken the piece. 



42 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



COTTONWOOD 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Slightly discolored sap which will dress up sound, not 
necessarily bright, but not black, admitted in any grade. 

Standard Grades: Panel, Wide No. 1, Wagon Box 
Boards, Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Com- 
mon, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

The Standard lengths and thicknesses are as designated 
under the heading of each grade. 



Panel. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: IS to 23 inches; 24 to 27 inches, and 28 inches 
and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard . 

8-foot lengths must be clear. 

75 % of the total quantity must be clear of knots on both 
sides; the balance of the quantity may contain three defects, 
provided 90 % of the piece can be used for panels 4 feet and 
longer in the full width of the board. 

Splits 6 inches long in one end not to be considered a 
defect in any board; splits longer than 6 inches not to be 
admitted. 

Wide No. 1. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
20% may be S, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: IS to 23 inches; 24 to 27 inches, and 28 inches 
and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

8-foot lengths will admit two standard defects. 

10-foot lengths and over will admit three standard de- 
fects. 

Splits 15 inches in length admitted in not to exceed 10%. 
of the pieces. 

Wagon Box Boards. 

Widths: Wide, 13 to 17 inches. Narrow, 9 to 12 inches. 

Lengths: 1.1 to 16 ft. 

Thickness: Must be 1 inch thick when shipping dry. 

Defects: Bright or sound discolored sap or a few scat- 
tered pin worm holes admitted. 

11 ft. lengths will admit 3 inch splits in one end, or their 
equivalent in one or both ends. 

12, 13, 15 and 16 ft. lengths will admit of a 12 inch split 
in one end, or its equivalent in one or both ends; 14 ft. 
lengths will admit of splits not to exceed 6 inches in one end 
or its equivalent in both ends; otherwise, each piece in 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 43 



COTTONWOOD. 

11 to 13 ft. lengths may contain defects that do not prevent 
the piece from cutting one side; or in each piece 14 to 16 ft. 
long, one side and one end; sides to work 10 ft. 6 inches long; 
ends to work 3 ft. 6 inches long by the full width of the 
piece. Each side and end may contain one sound standard 
defect, or its equivalent, showing on one side. 

Note. — Five percent, in feet of a shipment that can be 
reduced in measurement by cutting the end or edge or both 
to a size ordered muct be accepted and measured as Box- 
boards, separate tally to be kept of such boards, showing 
reduction and measurement. 

Note. — Inspectors are cautioned that "wooly" Cotton- 
wood and lumber so warped that it cannot be used for Box- 
boards, must be excluded from this grade. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be S, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknessess: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and free from nil defects except in pieces S inches and 
over wide, which shall admit one standard defect. 

Seconds shall be inches and over wide, 8 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 
fito 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 15 inches wide, four. 

l(i to 17 inches wide, five. 

As widths increase defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece 
admitted, and are to be considered as one standard defect, 
but not over 20 % of the whole may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5. (i. 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard . 

Pieces 4-6 feet long must be clear one face up to 8 inches 
wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 



H. M. A. OF THE U. 



COTTONWOOD. 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches, and it must not be shorter than IS inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

Sound discolored sap no defect. 



No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % cf odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 Common, and that will work 
at least 50 % into sound cuttings. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 

Sound discolored sap no defect. 



No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard . 

Pieces 4 feet or over long shall work at least 25% into 
sound cuttings. 

No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 
3 inches wide and 2 feet long. 



No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



SHORTS, 

Lengths: 12 to 42 inches — in multiples of 6 inches. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 
Grades: No. 1 and No. 2. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 45 

COTTONWOOD. 

No. 1. 

No. 1 will admit not to exceed one 6-inch split and two 
standard defects. 

No. 2. 

No. 2 shall work 50% into sound cuttings. 

Wane admitted not to exceed 3 inches in width and one- 
third the length of the piece on one edge, or the equivalent 
on both edges. 

This is to be used for Box Shook or cutting up purposes. 

SQUARES. 

No. 1 shall be practically clear of knots. 

No. 2 shall admit of sound knots, stained sap, small sea- 
son checks, splits not exceeding 12 inches in length, and 
pin-worm holes. 

COTTONWOOD, DRESSED OR WORKED. 
General Instructions. 

1. Dressed Cottonwood shall be inspected from the 
best or face side. The reverse side may contain defective 
dressing, but no other defects that would not g© in the 
grade. 

2. Slightly chipped grain on the face side admitted, 
provided it does not exceed in the aggregate 6 inches 
square in Firsts and Seconds 8 to 12 inches wide; 10 inches 
square in Firsts and Seconds 13 inches and wider; 12 inches 
square in No. 1 Common 6 to 12 inches wide, and 16 inches 
square in No. 1 Common 13 inches and wider. 

3. Imperfect manufacture in Dressed Stock, such as 
torn grain, broken knots, mismatched, insufficient tongue 
or groove, shall be considered defects and will reduce the 
grade accordingly. 

4. Partition, Ceiling, Flooring or Drop Siding, having 
less than 3/16-inch tongue shall not be admitted in any 
grade above No. 3. 

5. Wane on the reverse side not exceeding one-third 
the width, and running not to exceed one-sixth the length 
of any one piece, provided the wane does not extend into 
the tongue, or over one-half the thickness below the groove, 
will be admitted. 

Standard Sizes of Dressed Cottonwood. 

FINISHING: K-inch S2S to 5/16-inch; %-inch S2S to 
7/16-inch; ^-inch S2S to 9/16-inch; 1-inch S2S to 13/16- 
inch; 1 i^-inch S2S to 1 3/32-inch; 1 V^-inch S2S to 1 11/32- 
inch; 2-inch S2S to 1%-inch. 



46 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



COTTONWOOD (Dressed). 

PARTITION: Dressed to 13/16-inch thick; 2M-inch; 
3 34-inch; 4 yi -inch, and 534-inch face width. 

CEILING: %-inch dressed to 5/16-inch; H-inch 
dressed to 7/16-inch; j^-inch dressed to 9/16-inch; %-inch 
dressed to 11/16-inch — same widths as Partition. 

Bevel Siding and Weatherboarding. 

Bevel Siding is made from lx4-inch, lx5-inch, and 1x6- 
inch strips S4S to 13/16x3^-inch; 13/16x4^-inch and 
13/16x5^-inch, resawed on a bevel. 

No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

Will allow sound sap without limit, but is otherwise clear 
except small defects which the lap will cover. 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

May contain imperfections in working, or other defects 
which can be removed in two cuts without waste of more 
than 10% of the length of any one piece. 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work without 
waste of more than one-third of the contents of any one 
piece. 

Drop Siding and Ceiling. 

No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

Shall be one face clear and be otherwise sound. 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

May contain imperfections in working and unsound de- 
fects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of 
more than 10% of the length of any one piece. 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work without 
waste of more than one-third the contents of any one piece. 

Partition. 

No. i GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

Must be clear of knots on both sides. 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 47 

COTTONWOOD. (Dressed) 

May contain imperfections in working, and other de- 
fects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of 
more than 10 % of the length of any one piece. 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work without 
waste of more than one-third of the contents of any one 
piece. 

Mouldings. 
No. 1. 

Lengths: S feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
20% may be S, 9 and 10 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths, thickness and pattern to be governed by Uni- 
versal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: 

Bright sap or slightly discolored sap shall be admitted 
without limit ; otherwise clear, except slightly chipped grain 
not to exceed one-twelfth the length of any one piece. 

No. 2. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
20% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 
8 feet. 

Widths, thickness and pattern to be governed by Uni- 
versal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: 

No. 2 will include all moulding that will not come up to 
the grade of No. 1 that will work 50 % clear in pieces 4 feet 
and 1 onger. Sound discolored sap is no defect. 



MAGNOLIA. 

Magnolia to be graded same as Cottonwood, and 
standard grades shall be Box Boards, Fas, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 



WILLOW. 

Willow to be graded same as Cottonwood and Standard 
Grades shall be Fas, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 
Common and No. 4 Common. 



48 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

PLAIN RED GUM 

General Instructions and the following rules to govern 
the inspection. 

Standard Grades, Figured Wood, Fas, Select, No. 1 
Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Plain Sawed Red Gum (Figured Wood). 

Figure is required in these grades and each piece shall be 
especially selected for markings and color tones producing 
a variegated effect. In the grade of Firsts and Seconds 
90% of one face of each piece, and in the Common grades 
the face side of each cutting to show such markings. Other- 
wise the regular rules for grading Plain Sawed Red Gum 
and Quarter Sawed Red Gum shall apply. 

Note: In the common grades color shall be determined 
from the red face. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds Red are combined as one grade. 
This grade shall show one red face. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and free from all defects except in pieces 8 inches and 
over wide, which will admit one standard defect. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 15 inches wide, four. 

16 to 17 inches wide, five. 

As widths increase defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece 
admitted, and to be considered one standard defect, and 
not over 20 % of the whole in either quality may be so split . 
Selects. 

Lengths: 6 ft. and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths, 
not over 30% under 12 ft. and not to exceed 5% of 6 and 7 ft. 

Widths: 5 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Inspection to be made from the good side of the piece. 
Pieces 6 ft. and 7 ft. must be clear red one face and sound 
on the reverse side. 

Pieces 6 inches and over wide, 8 ft. and over long, must 
grade not below seconds on the best face. The reverse 
side of pieces 8 ft. and over long, must work at least 80% 
sound. 

This grade may also include pieces other than those 
described above, below the grade of seconds, that will work 
at least 80% clear red face, as follows: 12 ft. and shorter, 
2 cuttings; 13 ft. and longer, 3 cuttings. 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches. It must not be shorter than IS inches, nor nar- 
rower than 5 inches. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 49 

PLAIN RED GUM 
No. 1 Common. 

In this grade all cuttings shall show one red face. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4-6 feet long must be clear one face up to 8 inches 
wide; over 8 inches will admit one standard defect. 

Other widths and lengths must work at least 66 2/3% 
clear face, as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

QUARTERED RED GUM. 

General Instructions and the following rules to govern 
the inspection. 

Standard Grades: Figured Wood, Fas, Select, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Quarter Sawed Red Gum (Figured Wood). 

Figure is required in these grades and each piece shall be 
especially selected for markings and color tones producing 
a variegated effect. In the grade of Firsts and Seconds 
90% of one face of each piece, and in the Common grades 
the face side of each cutting to show such markings. Other- 
wise the regular rules for grading Plain Sawed Red Gum and 
Quarter Sawed Red Gum shall apply. 

80% of the width of each piece must have the radial grain 
running 45 degrees or less with one surface of the piece. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20 % may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5 % under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 5 inches and over. 

5 inches must be clear. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and free from all defects, except pieces 8 inches and 
over wide, which will admit one standard defect. 



50 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



QUARTERED RED GUM. 

Seconds are 5 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 15 inches wide, four. 

16 to 17 inches wide, five. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted, and to be considered one standard defect, and not 
over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 

Selects. 

Lengths: 6 ft. and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths, 
not over 30% under 12 ft. and not to exceed 5% of 6 and 7 ft. 

Widths: 5 inches and over. 

Thicknessess : Standard. 

Inspection to be made from the good side of the piece. 
Pieces 6 ft. and 7 ft. must be clear red one face and sound 
on the reverse side. 

Pieces 6 inches and over wide, 8 ft. and over long, must 
grade not below seconds on the best face. The reverse side 
of pieces 8 ft. and over long, must work at least 80% sound, 
quartered. 

This grade may also include pieces other than those 
described above, below the grade of seconds, that will work 
at least 80% clear quartered face, as follows: 12 ft. and 
shorter, 2 cuttings; 13 ft. and longer, 3 cuttings. 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches. It must not be shorter than IS inches, nor nar- 
rower than 5 inches. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Pieces 4-6 feet long must be clear one face up to 8 inches 
wide; over 8 inches will admit one standard defect. 

Other widths and lengths must work at least 66-2/3% 
clear quartered face, as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 51 

QUARTERED RED GUM. 
No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
25 % may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10 % under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 Common that will work at 
least 50% into sound quartered cuttings. No piece or 
cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 
inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 

Black sap is not to be considered a defect in this grade. 



SAP GUM 

General Instructions and the following rules to govern 
the inspection. 

Standard Grades: Panel, Wide No. 1, Wagon Box 
Boards, Fas., No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, Shorts. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 



Panel. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 inches, and 28 inches 
and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard, Y& to 2 inches. 

8-foot lengths must be clear. 

75 % of the total quantity must be clear of knots on both 
sides; the balance of the quantity may contain three defects, 
provided 90 % of the piece can be used for panels 4 feet and 
longer, in the full width of the piece. Splits 6 inches long 
in one end not to be considered a defect in any board; 
splits longer than 6 inches not to be admitted. 

In this grade bright sap or discolored sap, if sound, is not 
considered a defect. 



Wide No. 1. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 inches, and 28 inches 
and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard, Y% to 2 inches. 

8-foot lengths will admit two standard defects. 

10-foot lengths and over will admit three standard de- 
fects. 

Splits 15 inches in length admitted, in not to exceed 10% 
of the pieces. 

In this grade bright sap or discolored sap, if sound, is not 
considered a defect. 



52 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

SAP GUM. 
Wagon Box Boards 

Widths: Wide, 13 to 17 inches. Narrow, 9 to 12 inches. 

Lengths: 11 to 16 ft. 

Thickness: Must be 1 inch thick when shipping dry. 

Defects: Bright or sound discolored sap or a few scat- 
tered pin worm holes admitted. 

11 ft. lengths will admit three inch splits in one end, or 
their equivalent in one or both ends. 

12, 13, 15 and 16 ft. lengths will admit of a 12 inch split 
in one end, or its equivalent in one or both ends; 14 ft. 
lengths will admit of splits not to exceed 6 inches in one end 
or its equivalent in both ends; otherwise, each piece in 
11 to 13 ft. lengths may contain defects that do not prevent 
the piece from cutting one side; or in each piece 14 to 16 ft. 
long, one side and one end; sides to work 10 feet 6 inches 
long ; ends to work 3 feet 6 inches long by the full width of 
the piece. Each side and end may contain one sound 
standard defect, or its equivalent, showing on one side. 

Note. — Five percent, in feet of a shipment that can be 
reduced in measurement by cutting the end or edge or both 
to a size ordered must be accepted and measured as Box- 
boards, separate tally to be kept of such boards, showing 
reduction and measurement. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds Sap shall grade the same as Firsts and 
Seconds Red, except that bright sap or discolored sap, if 
sound, is not to be considered a defect in this grade. 



No. 1 Common. 

No. 1 Common Sap shall grade the same as Red Com- 
mon, except that sound sap, regardless of discoloration, 
shall not be considered a defect in this grade. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
25 % may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10 % under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 Common Sap, and that will 
work at least 50 % into sound cuttings. No piece or cutting 
can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, 
and must contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be 
considered a defect in this grade. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 53 

SAP GUM. 
No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 3 Common must contain at least 25% sound cuttings 
No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 
inches wide and 2 feet long. 

Black sap is not to be considered a defect in this grade. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 

SHORTS. 

Lengths: 12 inches and up to 42 inches — in multiples 
of 6 inches. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 1. 

No. 1 will admit not to exceed one 6-inch split and two 
standard defects. In this grade edges must be square. 

No. 2. 

No. 2 shall work 50% sound cutting. Wane admitted 
not to exceed 3 inches in width and one-third the length of 
the piece on one edge or the equivalent on both edges. 

This is to be used for Box Shook or cutting-up purposes. 



54 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



GUM, DRESSED OR WORKED. 

General Instructions. 

1. Dressed Gum shall be inspected from the best or face 
side. The reverse side may contain defective dressing, but 
no other defects that would not go in the grade. 

2. Slightly chipped grain on the face side admitted, pro- 
vided it does not exceed in the aggregate 6 inches square 
in Firsts and Seconds 8 to 12 inches wide; 10 inches square 
in Firsts and Seconds 13 inches and wider; 12 inches square 
in No. 1 Common 6 to 12 inches wide, and 16 inches square 
in No. 1 Common 13 inches and wider. 

3. Imperfect manufacture in dressed stock, such as torn 
grain, broken knots, mismatched, insufficient tongue or 
groove, shall be considered defects and will reduce the grade 
accordingly. 

4. Partition, ceiling, flooring or drop siding, having less 
than three-sixteenths inch tongue, shall not be admitted 
in any grade above No. 3. 

5. Wane on the reverse side not exceeding one-third the 
width and running not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
any one piece, provided the wane does not extend into the 
tongue, or over one-half the thickness below the groove, 
will be admitted. 

Standard Sizes of Dressed Gum. 
FINISHING. 3^-inch S2S, 5/16-inch; %-inch S2S, 
7/16-inch; %-inch S2S, 9/16-inch; 1-inch S2S, 13/16-inch; 

1 M-inch S2S, 1 3/32-inches; 1 Y 2 inches S2S, 1 11/32 inches; 

2 inches S2S, 1 M inches. 

CASING AND BASE. Dressed to 13/16-inch thick; 
3H. 4H. Wv, 6 34 7^, 8%, 9}4 and 11 Y 2 inches wide. 

FLOORING AND PARTITION. Dressed to 13/16- 
inch thick; 2 \i, 3 X A, 4 34 and 5 \i inches face width. 

Flooring to be S2S and center matched. 

CEILING. -Ms-inch dressed to 5/16-inch; H-inch to 
7/16-inch; 5^-inch to 9/16-inch; %-inch to 11/16-inch; 
same widths as partitions. 

Bevel Siding and Weatherboarding. 

No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

Shall be clear one face and otherwise sound. Sound sap 
without limit admitted. 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

May contain imperfections in working and unsound de- 
fects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of 
more than 10% of the length of any one piece. 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work without 
waste of more than one-third of the length of any one piece. 

Drop Siding, Flooring and Ceiling. 

No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. . . _ , 

Will allow sound sap without limit, but is otherwise with- 
out defects. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 55 



GUM (Dressed or Worked). 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

May contain imperfections in working and unsound de- 
fects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of 
more than 10% of the length of any one piece. 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work without 
waste of more than one-third of the contents of any one 
piece. 

Partition. 

No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

Will admit sound sap without limit, but shall be other- 
wise clear both sides. 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

May contain imperfections in working and other defects 
which can be removed in two cuts without waste of more 
than 10 % of the length of any one piece. 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work without 
waste of more than one-third of the contents of any one 
piece. 

Finish. 

No. 1 FINISH. Pieces 6 to 7 inches wide are clear; 
pieces 8 to 10 inches may have one standard defect; pieces 
10 to 12 inches two standard defects; pieces 13 inches or 
over may have three standard defects or their equivalent in 
larger defects. (Sound sap is not to be considered a defect.) 

No. 2 FINISH. Pieces are calculated to work 75% clear 
in not over 3 pieces. Discolored sap, unless of an unsound 
nature, and small pin worm holes, are not considered de- 
fects. 

Mouldings. 
No. 1. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths, thickness and pattern to be governed by Uni- 
versal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: 

Discolored sap, if sound, shall be admitted without 
limit; otherwise clear, except slightly chipped grain not to 
exceed one-twelfth the length of any one piece. 

No. 2. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
20% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 
8 feet. 

Widths, thickness and pattern to be governed by Uni- 
versal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: 

No. 2 will include all moulding that will not come up to 
the grade of No. 1 that will work 50% clear in pieces 4 feet 
and longer. 

BLACK GUM. 

Black Gum is to be inspected according to the Rules of 
Tupelo Gum. 



56 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



ASH 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Bright sap is no defect in any grade. 

Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, Selects, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 and 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and to be considered as one standard defect and 
not over 20 % of the whole in either quality may be so split. 

Selects. 

Lengths: 6 ft. and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths, 
not over 30% under 12 ft. and not to exceed 5% of 6 and 7 ft. 

Widths: 5 inches and over. 

Thicknessess: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect. 

Inspection to be made from the good side of the piece. 
Pieces 6 ft. and 7 ft. must be clear one face and sound on 
the reverse side. 

Pieces 6 inches and over wide, 8 ft. and over long, must 
grade not below seconds on the best face. The reverse side 
of pieces 8 ft. and over long, must work at least 80% sound. 

This grade may also include pieces other than those 
described above, below the grade of seconds, that will work 
at least 80% clear face, as follows: 12 ft. and shorter, 
2 cuttings; 13 ft. and longer, 3 cuttings. 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches. It must not be shorter than 18 inches, nor nar- 
rower than 5 inches. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard . 

4-6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; 
over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 57 



ASH. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 

inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard . 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear on one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear 
face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. 
No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



STRIPS. 

Strips shall be measured at the narrow end, and tallied 
lengths separate on the half and even inches. In the event 
of Beveled Edges, the narrow face shall be measured. 



58 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

ASH. 
Clear Face Strips. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 2 J4 3, 3 Y 2 , 4, 4 l A, 5 and 5 H inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must show one clear face free from all defects 
except bright sap. 

No. 1 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 2 y 2 , 3, 3 Y 2 , 4, 4 Y 2 , 5 and 5 ^ inches. 

This grade must work 66 2/3% clear face in not more 
than two pieces. No piece or cutting must be considered 
which is less than 4 feet long and the full width of the piece. 



HACKBERRY 

Hackberry to be graded same as Ash and standard 
grades shall be Fas, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, 
No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. £9 

CHESTNUT 

General Instructions and the following rules to govern 
the inspection. 

Bright sap is no defect in any grade. 

Worm holes that are bunched so that they will not exceed 
in damage the number of standard defects allowed in the 
piece will be admitted and to be considered as defects. 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
Firsts and Seconds Wormy, No. 1 Common Wormy, Sound 
Wormy, No. 2 Common Wormy and No. 3 Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
S to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted to be considered as one standard defect, and not 
over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

4-6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; 
over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect 



60 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

CHESTNUT. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 

inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas) Wormy. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25 % may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5 % under 
8 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 12 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and 
not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 

In addition to above will admit worm holes without limit. 

No. 1 Common Wormy. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 61 



V-/X1XLIO X I'M U X . 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 


2/3% 


clear face 


as follows: 








Widths 


Lengths 


No. 


of Pieces 


4 to 11 inches 


6 to 11 feet 




2 


4 to 11 inches 


12 to 16 feet 




3 


4 to 11 inches 


17 to 20 feet 




4 


12 to 15 inches 


6 to 11 feet 




3 


12 to 15 inches 


12 to 16 feet 




4 


12 to 15 inches 


17 to 20 feet 




5 


16 inches and over 


6 to 11 feet 




4 


16 inches and over 


12 to 16 feet 




5 


16 inches and over 


17 to 20 feet 




6 



The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

In addition to above will admit worm holes without limit. 

Sound Wormy. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Will admit worm holes without limit, but must work at 
least 66 2/3% into sound cuttings. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 

No. 2 Common Wormy. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Will admit worm holes without limit, but must work at 
least 50% into sound cuttings. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 3 Common will include all lumber that does not come 
up to the grade of No. 2 Common Wormy that can be used 
for cheap boxing, crating, sheathing, etc. 



62 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

BASSWOOD 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Bright sap is no defect. 

Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

Thicknesses : Standard . 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas), 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and not over 20% of the whole in either quality 
may be so split, and to be considered as one standard defect. 



No. 1 Common. 

Slightly discolored sap that will dress up sound, not 
necessarily bright, but not black, admitted. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

4-6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide ; 
over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 63 

BASSWOOD. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 

inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Discolored sap that will dress up sound admitted with- 
out limit. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and over must work at least 50 per cent 
clear face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches . 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50 % sound cutting. 
No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



64 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

BUCKEYE 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Bright sap is no defect. 

Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 
Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not 
over 20 % of the whole in either quality may be so split. 



No. 1 Common. 

Slightly discolored sap that will dress up sound, not 
necessarily bright, but not black, admitted. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

4-6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide ; 
over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 65 



BUCKEYE. 



Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Black sap that will dress up sound admitted without 
limit. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50 per cent 
clear face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 



No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard . 

Each piece must contain at least 50 % sound cutting. 

No piece or cutting to contain less than 72 square inches. 



No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



WALNUT 

General Instructions and the following rules are to 
govern: 

Standard Grades: First and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting all odd foot lengths. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 
Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 25% 8 feet and 
under. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Firsts shall be 8 feet and over long. 

6 and 7-inch widths must be free of defects. 

8 to 12-inch widths will admit one standard defect, and 
1 inch of bright sap. 

13 inches and over wide will admit two standard defects 
and 2 inches of bright sap. 

Seconds shall be 6 feet and over long. 
6 and 7-inch widths will admit one standard defect and 
1 inch of bright sap. 
8 and 9-inch widths will admit two standard defects and 

1 inch of bright sap. 

10 and 11-inch widths will admit three standard defects 
and 1 inch of bright sap, or two standard defects and 1 Y 
inches of bright sap, or 2 Y inches of bright sap. 

12 to 14-inch widths will admit three standard defects 
and 1 Yz inches of bright sap, or two standard defects and 

2 inches of bright sap, or 3 inches of bright sap. 

15 inches and over will admit four standard defects and 
2 inches of bright sap, or three standard defects and 2Y 
inches of bright sap, or 4 inches of bright sap. 

Splits not exceeding one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted, and considered as one standard defect. Split 
boards limited to 20 %. 

Must be graded from the best side. 

The poorest side must not grade lower than No. 1 Com- 
mon. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 67 

WALNUT. 
No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 20% 7 feet and under ad- 
mitted. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Must work 66 2/3% clear black face as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 4 to 7 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 8 to 10 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 11 feet and over 4 

12 inches and over 4 to 7 feet 3 

12 inches and over 8 to 10 feet 4 

12 inches and over 11 feet and over 5 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Admits all lumber not up to the grade of No. 1 Common 
that will cut 33 1/3% clear black face in pieces containing 
72 or more square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Each piece must contain at least 33 1/3% sound cuttings 
in pieces not less than 72 square inches. 



No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CHERRY 

General Instructions and the following rules are to 
govern: 

Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting all odd lengths. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Open Gum Spots or open streaks are a defect, and two 
of same shall be considered equivalent to one standard 
defect. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 
Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 25% 8 feet and 
under. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Firsts shall be 8 feet and over long. 

6 and 7-inch widths must be free of defects. 

8 to 12-inch widths will admit one standard defect, and 
1 inch of bright sap. 

13 inches and over wide will admit two standard defects 
and 2 inches of bright sap. 

Seconds shall be 6 feet and over long. 
6 and 7-inch widths will admit one standard defect and 
1 inch of bright sap. 

8 and 9-inch widths will admit two standard defects and 

1 inch of bright sap. 

10 and 11-inch widths will admit three standard defects 
and 1 inch of bright sap, or two standard defects and 1 ]4 
inches of bright sap, or 2 J^ inches of bright sap. 

12 to 14-inch widths will admit three standard defects 
and 1 Yi inches of bright sap, or two standard defects and 

2 inches of bright sap, or 3 inches of bright sap. 

15 inches and over will admit four standard defects and 
2 inches of bright sap, or three standard defects and 2J^ 
inches of bright sap, or 4 inches of bright sap. 

Splits over 6 inches long, not exceeding one-sixth the 
length of the piece admitted, considered as one standard 
defect. Split boards limited to 20%. 

Must be graded from the best side. 

The poorest side must not grade lower than No. 1 Com- 
mon. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CHERRY. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 20% 7 feet and under ad- 
mitted. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Must work 66 2/3% clear red face, as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 4 to 7 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 8 to 10 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 11 feet and over 4 

12 inches and over 4 to 7 feet 3 

12 inches and over 8 to 10 feet 4 

12 inches and over 11 feet and over 5 

No cutting to be less than 4 inches wide and 18 inches 
long. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Admits all lumber not up to the grade of No. 1 Common 
that will work 33 1/3% clear red face in pieces not less 
than 3 inches wide and 18 inches long. 

Gum Spots or streaks no defect in this grade. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Each piece must contain at least 33 1/3% sound cutting 
in pieces not less than 3 inches wide and 18 inches long. 
Gum Spots or streaks no defect in this grade. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



70 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

HICKORY AND PECAN 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common and No. 4 Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. 

Bird Peck and Gum streak are to be considered. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 4 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
4 to 5 inches w'ide, none. 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not exceeding one-sixth the length of the piece are 
to be admitted and considered as one standard defect; not 
over 20 % of the whole may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 3 inches wide must be clear. 

6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide ; 
over 8 inches will admit one standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 71 

HICKORY AND PECAN. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 

inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear 
face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 



No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 
Thicknesses : Standard . 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. 
No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 72 square inches. 



No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



72 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

PLAIN SAWED SYCAMORE 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common and No. 4 Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20 % may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5 % under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 and 7 inches wide, none. 
8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not 
over 20% of the whole in either quality to be so split. 

Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece on the face 
side is no defect. The reverse side may contain sap without 
limit. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 

4-6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; 
over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 73 



PLAIN SAWED SYCAMORE. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 

inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches, nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25 % may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10 % under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 Common and that will work 
at least 50% into sound cuttings. No piece or cutting can 
be shorter than 18 inches nor ^narrower than 3 inches, and 
must contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be con- 
sidered a defect in this grade. 



No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 3 Common must contain at least 25 % sound cutting. 
No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 
inches wide and 2 feet long. 

Black sap is not to be considered a defect in this grade. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



74 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

QUARTER SAWED SYCAMORE 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common and No. 4 Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20 % may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5 % under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long. 

6 to 7 inches wide must be free from all defects. 

8 inches and over wide will admit one standard defect. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

One inch of bright sap is not a defect; each additional 
inch of sap to be considered as one standard defect. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not 
over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is no defect in this grade. 

4-6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 8 inches wide ; 
over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 75 

QUARTER SAWED SYCAMORE. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 1 1 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 

inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear 
face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. 
No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber nov up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



7 6 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

BUTTERNUT 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common and No. 4 Common. ^ 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects"as"follow8: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, S feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not 
over 20% of the whole in either quality may be^so split. 

Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece on the face 
side is no defect. The reverse side may contain sap with- 
out limit. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
25 % may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5 % 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 

4-6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 8 inches wide; 
over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 77 

BUTTERNUT. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 



Widths 


Lengths 


No. of Pieces 


4 to 11 inches 


7 to 11 feet 


2 


4 to 11 inches 


12 to 16 feet 


3 


4 to 11 inches 


17 to 20 feet 


4 


12 to 15 inches 


7 to 11 feet 


3 


12 to 15 inches 


12 to 16 feet 


4 


12 to 15 inches 


17 to 20 feet 


5 


16 inches and over 


7 to 11 feet 


4 


16 inches and over 


12 to 16 feet 


5 


16 inches and over 


17 to 20 feet 


6 



The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear 
face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 

No. 3 Common, 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must work at least 50 % sound cutting. 
No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 72 square inches . 
Sound discolored sap is no defect. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



78 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



MAPLE 



General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
thejinspection: 

Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, Step Plank, 
No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 
Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
25% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over wide. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 inches wide, one. 

7 to 8 inches wide, two. 
9 to 12 inches wide, three. 

13 to 15 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not 
over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 

STEP PLANK. 

Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Common. 
Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. 
Widths: 10 to 15 inches. 
Thicknesses: 1, \ X A, l l A and 2 inches. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Step Plank. 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, and must 
show one face and one edge practically free from all defects. 
The other side and other edge may contain sound defects 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 79 



MAPLE. 



that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece. 
10 feet and over long may have one split not exceeding 
12 inches in length. 

No. 1 Common Step Plank. 

No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up to the grade 
of Firsts and Seconds, that can be used for Step Plank with- 
out waste of more than one-third of the piece. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long by the full 
width of the piece. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
30% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

4-6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as follows: 

3 and 4 inches wide, none. 

5 to 9 inches wide, one. 

10 inches and over, two. 

Pieces 3 inches wide, 7 feet and over long, to be clear one 
face. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 
inches wide or 2 feet long. 

Slightly discolored sap is no defect. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses : Standard . 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 Common and that will work 
at least 50% into sound cuttings. No piece or cutting can 
be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and 
must contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be con- 
sidered a defect in this grade. 



80 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

MAPLE. 
No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 3 Common must contain at least 25% sound cutting. 
No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 
inches wide and 2 feet long. 

Black sap is not to be considered a defect in this grade. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 

STRIPS. 

Strips shall be measured at the marrowest end and tallied 
lengths separate on the half and even inches. In the event 
of beveled edges the narrow face shall be measured. 

Clear Face Strips 

Lengths : 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 2 } i, 3, 3 l A, 4, 4 *4 5 and 5 y 2 inches. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Each piece must show one face and two edges clear. 

No. 1 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 10 % of odd lengths ; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 2y 2 , 3, 3J^, 4, 4J4 5 and 5% inches. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Bright sap is considered no defect. 

Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear face in not more 
than two pieces. No piece or cutting to be considered 
which is less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece . 

No. 2 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths : 2 Y 2 , 3, 3 Y 2 , 4, 4 Y 2 , 5 and 5 y 2 inches. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Each piece must work at least 50 % clear face. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 2 feet in length by the 
full width of the piece. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 81 

WHITE MAPLE 

Grades: No. 1 and No. 2. 

No. 1 must grade the same as Firsts and Seconds, except 
that both sides and both edges must be all White. 

No. 2 must grade the same as Firsts and Seconds, except 
that one side and two edges must be all White. 



82 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

BEECH 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over wide. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, none. 
8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds shall be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 inches wide, one. 

7 to 8 inches wide, two. 

9 to 12 inches wide, three. 

13 to 15 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not 
over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
30% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

4-6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as follows: 
3 and 4 inches wide, none. 
5 to 9 inches wide, one. 

10 inches and over, two. 

Pieces 3 inches wide, 7 feet and over long, to be clear 
one face.. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 83 



BEECH. 



Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 
inches wide or 2 feet long. 

Slightly discolored sap is no defect. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear 
face cutting. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide or 2 
feet long. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 
Thicknesses : Standard . 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. 
No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 

Strips. 

Strips shall be measured at the narrowest end, and tallied 
lengths separate on the even and half inches. In the event 
of Beveled Edges, the narrow face shall be measured. 



84 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

BEECH. 
Clear Face Strips. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 2}4, 3, 3^. 4, 4^, 5 and 5}4 inches. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Each piece must show one face and two edges clear. 

No. 1 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 2 y 2 , 3, 3 Y 2 , 4, 4 }4, 5 and 5 \i inches. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Bright sap is considered no defect in this grade. 

Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear face in not more 
than two pieces. No piece or cutting to be considered 
which is less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece . 

No. 2 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 2J4 3, 3V 2 , 4, 4H, 5 and h\i inches. 

Thicknesses: -Hi to 2 inches. 

Each piece must work at least 50% clear face. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 2 feet in length by the 
full width of the piece. 

WHITE BEECH 

Grades: No. 1 and No. 2. 

No. 1 must grade the same as Firsts and Seconds, except 
that both sides and edges must be all White. 

No. 2 must grade the same as Firsts and Seconds, except 
that one side and two edges must be all White. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 85 

WHITE BIRCH 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds shall be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 

6 inches wide, one. 

7 to 8 inches wide, two. 
9 to 12 inches wide, three. 

13 to 15 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not 
over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 



No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths ; 
30% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

4-6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as follows: 
3 and 4 inches wide, none. 
5 to 9 inches wide, one. 

10 inches and over wide, two. 

3 inches wide, 7 feet and over long, to be clear one face. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



WHITE BIRCH. 



Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet ' 2 

4,to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 1 1 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 
inches wide or 2 feet long. 

Slightly discolored sap is no defect. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear 
face cutting. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide or 2 
feet long. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. 
No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor 
narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



RED BIRCH 

Red Birch must be graded the same as White Birch, 
except as follows: 

Firsts and Seconds to be 5 inches and over in width. 

Pieces 5 inches wide must show one face all red. 

Pieces 6 inches and over wide must show at least 75% 
red on one face. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. 8. 87 

ELM 

General Instructions and the following rules are to govern 
the inspection: 

Bright sap ia considered no defect in any grade. 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 
10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, none. 
8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, 
and will admit standard defects as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece ad- 
mitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not 
over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 



No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25% may be 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% 
under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

4-6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide ; 
over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



ELM. 



Other widths and lengths must^work 66 2/3% clear face 
as follows: 

Widths Lengths No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20' feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square 
inches, and it must not be shorter than IS inches nor nar- 
rower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths; 
25 % may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10 % under 
6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 Common and that will work 
at least 50 % into sound cuttings. No piece or cutting can 
be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and 
must contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be con- 
sidered a defect in this grade. 



No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15 % of odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 
.Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 3 Common must contain at least 25 % sound cutting. 
No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 
inches wide and 2 feet long. 

Black sap is not to be considered a defect in this grade. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, 
sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- 
sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient sub- 
stance to hold nails admitted. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 89 

VEHICLE AND WAGON STOCK 

HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. 

DEFINITION OF TERMS IN RULES FOR 
GRADING RIMS. 

Very Dense Growth is a growth in which the non-porous 
part of the annual ring covers three-quarters of the area of 
the annual ring, and the remaining one-quarter contains 
a small number of pores. 

A Dense Growth is one in which the non-porous portion 
of the annual ring occupies at least two-thirds the annual 
rings, and is slightly more porous than the very dense 
growth and accordingly that timber which contains a less 
per cent, of non-porous growth and a larger per cent, of 
porous growth, is representative of a lower grade of timber. 

Blemishes. 

A blemish is that which, while~marring the appearance 
of the timber, does not affect the strength of the timber. 

(a) Stains. A stain is a discoloration caused by im- 
proper care or handling, by improper piling, and by being 
left in the weather or on the ground during the warm or 
wet seasons. 

(b) Iron Streaks. An iron streak is supposed to be 
caused by the infiltration of foreign coloring matter through 
bird-pecks, and when it shows but slightly, apparently does 
not affect the mechanical qualities of the timber. 

Bird Pecks. 

A bird peck is a slight defect caused by the bird pecking 
a hole in and through the bark of a tree into which there 
settles foreign substances that discolor the timber, and when 
showing slightly, apparently does not affect the quality of 
the timber. 

Bastard Rim. 

A bastard rim is one in which the growth of annual rings 
do not run parallel to the tread of the wheel. 

Cross Grain. 

^•cross grain piece of timber is one in which the growth 
or grain of the timber does not run parallel to the center 
line of the piece. 



90 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. 

Sound Knot. 

A sound knot is one in which the wood is as solid as the 
wood surrounding the knot. 

Short Curve or Dip in the Grain or Growth. 

A short curve or dip in the grain or growth is a curvature 
or deflection caused by a knot. 

Snarl. 

A snarl is a twisted grain or growth in the wood. 
Grub Holes. 

A grub hole is a hole about one-quarter inch in diameter 
caused by grub worm boring a hole, usually lengthwise to 
the growth of the timber. 

Powder Post. 

A powder post piece of hickory timber is caused by a very 
small worm that continues to work in timber after it has 
been cut, seasoned and even manufactured into the finished 
vehicle. While his work does not frequently appear on the 
outside, the inside may be entirely reduced to powder — 
heuce the term ''powder post." 

Worm Holes. 

A .worm hole is a clean, open hole about one-sixteenth 
inch in diameter, and is easily visible, caused by a bug usu- 
ally working in partly seasoned timber. 

Sun Check 

A sun check is a season check caused in seasoning and 
usually takes place in the best quality of timber. In some 
instances these checks are so very small that they do not 
impair the use or strength of the timber, and should be used 
at least in*the lowest grade. 



RIM INSPECTION 

"A" GRADE 

"A" Grade is the first and highest grade. In rim-strips 
of sizes 1 J^-inch square and smaller, the timber must be 
all white, of very dense growth, straight grain and free from 
streaks, stains and all defects, in sizes larger than 1 J^-inch 
the timber may be either all white, or part red and ^lart 
white mixed, of very dense growth, straight grain and free 
from streaks, stains and all defects. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 9] 



HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. 

The red timber in these large sizes must not exceed one- 
half the size of the stick. 



"B" GRADE. 

"B" Grade is the second grade and must be practically- 
straight grain of dense growth. Of all white and of red 
and part white and part red timber. The red and part red 
and part white must be fully equal to or better in quality 
than the white in this grade. 

All rim strips in this grade must be free from all defects. 

"C" GRADE. 

"C" Grade is the third grade and must be medium quality 
of either white, red or red and white mixed timber. This 
grade will admit of timber of good quality not admitted in 
the "A" and "B" grades on account of cross grain, and all 
slight blemishes such as iron streaks and stains, but that 
are equal in strength to the clear strips of this grade. 

Cross Grain. The grain shall not run in the length of 
the'strip at any place at a greater angle than one inch in 
eighteen. 

Short curves or dips in grain not to be included in this 
grade. 

"D" GRADE. 

"D" Grade is the fourth grade. The timber in this grade 
although clear and straight grain, of white or red, or white 
and red mixed, is of a weight and quality not admitted in 
higher grades. Also strips of high quality of timber equal 
in strength with the straight grain strips in this grade, but 
with blemishes such as iron streaks and stains, and defects 
such as knots and bird pecks that are sound, also cross grain, 
provided the grain shall not run in the length of the strip 
at any place at a greater angle than one inch in twelve. 

Short curves or dips in the grain with a length of less than 
four inches and more than %-inch in depth will not be ad- 
mitted in this grade. 

Curves running longer than 4 inches and dips deeper than 
% /i would be considered cross grain. 



92 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. 
"E" GRADE. 

"E" Grade is the fifth and lowest grade, consisting of 
strips that can be used, but such as are not admitted in the 
higher grades on account of quality of timber and defects. 
Strips with slight season checks should be used in wheels 
of this grade. 

Strips with defects such as powder post worm eaten tim- 
ber, open defects such as grub holes, checks, splits, bird 
pecks, snarls and otherwise unsound, and very brash timber 
such as has practically no fibre and strength will not be 
admitted to this "grade. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 93 

WAGON STOCK 

STANDARD DIMENSIONS. 

The following dimensions given are the sizes adopted by 
this Association for rough materials in the green state (un- 
less otherwise specified) and are those in common demand 
by our members. 

The star (*) prefixing any size indicates that that size is 
more in demand than the unmarked sizes. 





Axles — Hickory . 






(6 feet long.) 




2^x3% 


3Mx4% 


*4^x5H 


*3 x4 


*4 x5 


*5 x6 


*3U*4H 


4 x5V 2 


•5^x6M 


*3Kx4^ 


4J^x5K 


6 x7 



GRADING AND INSPECTION RULES. 

No. 1 or Wagonmakers' Grade. 

Adopted by the National Wagon Manufacturers' Asso- 
ciation. 

GRADE. — Live, tough black or shell bark hickory, cut 
6 feet in length, to include all the clear and perfect stock. 

Defects as follows admissible: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and 
which has not developed into a rotting condition. 

KNOTS. — Four sound pin knots not exceeding J^-inch in 
diameter, or two sound knots ^-inch in diameter near the 
center line longitudinally on top or side and not over 12 
inches of center or more than 6 inches of ends. Knots (ex- 
cept pin knots) not to be closer than 12 inches apart. 

SPLITS. — On either end, extending not more than 6 
inches in axle or 3 inches on both ends. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not more than J^-inch deep and 
not more than 12 inches long. 

HEARTS OR HEART RINGS.— None. 

SHAKES. — That will plane out with M-inch cut. 

WORM HOLES AND GRUB HOLES.— Not more than 
two pin worm holes not nearer than 6 inches to each other. 



94 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

WAGON STOCK. 

Not more than two grub holes that will penetrate more 
than 6 inches at either end of the piece. 

BIRD PECKS. — Bird pecks allowed if sound, or if un- 
sound, part is not to exceed 34-inch in diameter and not 
over 34-inch in depth. 

WANE. — Axles with wane will be measured excluding 
the^wane. 

SAP. — Bright sap considered no defect. 

GRAIN. — Grain can cross 3 inches in entire length of 
axle. 

DEFECTS REMOVABLE.— If defects not admitted 
can be cut out so as to reduce axle to a smaller size used and 
ordered by the buyer, it shall be so inspected. 

Hewn axles 3hall be measured to square to the size they 
are ordered. 

Defects at end of axles that will admit of piece working 

5 feet 6 inches long will be admitted. 

MAPLE AXLES. 

(Sizes same as Hickory.) 
No. 1 or Wagonmakers' Grade. 

(These rules have not been adopted either by the wagon 
manufacturers or mills, but are suggested as being fair and 
equitable to both.) 

To be cut from live, tough, hard maple (no bird's-eye or 
curly maple admitted), cut 6-foot and 12-foot lengths to 
include all the clear and perfect stock. Defects as follows 
admissible: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and 
which has not developed into a rotting condition. 

KNOTS. — Four sound pin knots not exceeding 34-inch 
in diameter, or two sound knots %-inch in diameter near 
the center line longitudinally on top or side and not over 
12 inches of center or more than 6 inches of ends. Knots 
(except pin knots) not to be closer than 12 inches apart. 

SPLITS. — Splits on either end, extending not more than 

6 inches in the axle or 3 inches on both ends. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not more than 3^-inch deep and 
not more than 12 inches long. 

HEARTS OR HEART RINGS.— None. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 95 

WAGON STOCK. 

SHAKES. — That will plane out with K-inch cut. 

WORM HOLES AND GRUB HOLES.— Not more than 
two pin worm holes not nearer than 6 inches to each other. 
Not more than two grub holes that will penetrate more than 
6 inches at either end of the piece. 

BIRD PECKS. — Bird pecks allowed if sound, or if un- 
sound, part is not to exceed H-inch in diameter and not 
over J4-inch in depth. 

WANE. — Axles with wane will be measured excluding 
the wane. 

SAP. — Bright sap considered no defect. 

GRAIN. — Grain can cross 3 inches in entire length of 
axle. 

CURLS. — None. 12-foot lengths to be inspected as two 
6-foot lengths. 

DEFECTS REMOVABLE.— If defects not admitted 
can be cut out so as to reduce axle to smaller size used and 
ordered by the buyer, it shall be so inspected. 

BOLSTERS — Hickory or Oak. 

(Length 4' 1" and 4' 6" or multiples.) 



3x4 


3Mx4J4 


3^x5}^ 


3x4 H 


3Kx5 


4 x5 


3x5 


3y 2 x4H 


4 x6 


3x7 


3^x4^ 





RULES. 

GRADE. — To be cut from good, tough, straight-grained 
oak or hickory (when oak is specified it will be understood 
as being White or Red Oak) suitable for wagon material. 
To be clear and perfect stock, excepting the following de- 
fects, which will be admissible: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and 
which shows no signs of rot. 

KNOTS. — One sound knot not over J^-inch in diameter, 
not more than 12 inches from the center of the piece, or 3 
sound pin knots not exceeding J^-inch in diameter located 
in same manner. 

SPLITS.— None. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not more than H-inch deep nor 
more than 12 inches long. 

HEART RINGS.— None. 

SHAKES. — If they can be planed out with H-inch cut. 



96 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

WAGON STOCK. 

WORM HOLES. — Not more than 6 pin worm holes in a 
Bolster, these holes not to be in clusters of more than 3 
holes, 6 inches apart. 

BIRD PECKS.— Allowed if sound. 

WANE. — Will be measured excluding the wane. 

SAP. — Bright sap accepted. 

GRAIN. — Grain can cross 2 inches in length of Bolster 
as maximum. 

DEFECTS REMOVABLE.— If defects not admitted can 
be cut out so as to reduce Bolster to a smaller size used and 
ordered by the buyer, it shall be so inspected. 

SAND BOARDS— Hickory or Oak. 

(Length 4' 1" and 4' 6" or multiples.) 



2^x3^ 
3 x3}i 


*3 x4 3^x414 
3Mx3^ *4 x5* 
*3J^x4 




RULES. 




(Same as Bolsters.) 


REACHES— Hickory or Oak. 


*2 x4 
2 xiy 2 
2Mx4M 

*2}/2X4>2 

2^x5 


8' and 10' long 

8' and 10' long 

10', 12' and 14' long 

10', 12' and 14' long 

10', 12' and 14' long 



RULES. 

GRADE.— To be cut from good, tough, straight-grained 
Oak or Hickory (when Oak is specified it will be understood 
as being White or Red Oak), suitable for wagon material. 
To be clear and perfect stock, free from KNOTS, SPLITS, 
HEARTS, GRUB HOLES, HEART RINGS, SHAKES, 
BIRD PECKS or WANE. Bright Sap accepted. The 
following defects will be admitted: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and 
which shows no signs of rot. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not over i^-inch deep or 12 inches 
long. 

WORM HOLES. — Not more than 6 pin worm holes in a 
Reach, these holes not to be in clusters of more than 3 holes, 
6 inches apart. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 97 

WAGON STOCK. 

POLES— Ash or Oak. 

(For Drop Poles.) 
*2^x4 x4 x4 —12' 

2 3^x414x4^x4^—12' 

(For Stiff Poles.) 
2^x2^x2 J4x5 —12' 
2^x2^x2^x5 —12' 

3 x3 x3 x5 —12' 
3Hx3J4x3^x5 —12' 

RULES. 

GRADE. — To be cut from good, tough, straight-grained 
oak or ash (when oak is specified, it will be understood as 
being White or Red Oak), suitable for wagon material. To 
be clear and perfect stock, free from KNOTS, SPLITS, 
HEARTS, GRUB HOLES, HEART RINGS, SHAKES 
or BIRD PECKS. Bright Sap accepted. The following 
defects will be admitted: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and 
which shows no signs of rot. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not over J^-inch deep or 12 in- 
ches long. 

WORM HOLES. — Not more than 6 pin worm holes in a 
Pole, these holes not to be in clusters of more than 3 holes, 
6 inches apart. 

EVENERS— Hickory. 

2x4 4' 2" long 2^x4^2 4' 6" long 

2x4 H 4' 2" long 2y 2 xo 4' 6" long 

RULES. 

GRADE. — To be cut from good, tough, straight-grained 
Hickory suitable for wagon material. To be clear and 
perfect stock, free from KNOTS, SPLITS, HEARTS, 
GRUB HOLES, HEART RINGS, SHAKES, WORM 
HOLES or WANE. The following defects are admissible: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and 
which shows no signs of rot. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not over J^-inch deep or 12 in- 
ches long. 

WORM HOLES.— None. 

BRIGHT SAP.— No objection. 

BIRD PECKS. — Sound bird peeks admitted. 



98 H. M, A. OF THE U. S. 

WAGON STOCK 

Turned Singletrees 

Oval Diameter 

At Center At Ends Lengths 

Light 2 "x2V 2 " iy 2 "xiy s " 34* and 36" long 

Medium 2 Wx2 %" 1 %"xl y 8 " 34" and 36" long 

Heavy 2^"x3 " I%"x2 " 36" long 

TURNED NECK YOKES. 

Diameters. 

At Center At Ends Lengths 

Light 2Y 2 " \Vi' 40" and 44" long 

Medium 2%" 1%" ' 44" and 48" long 

Heavy 3 " 2 " 44" and 48" long 

No adopted rules for grading single trees and neck yokes, 

but stock must be absolutely clear and made from young, 

tough hickory. 

SAWED FELLOES— Oak. 

(26 pieces to set.) 

The sizes given are for green felloes cut full. 

Sizes most Common. 

\%x2y 2 2^x2% 2%x3 

*2 x2% 3Mx2% 3 J4x3 

2y 2 x2% 2^x3 43^x3 

Circles 2' 11" and 3' 6"; 3' 2" and 3' 10"; 3' 6" and 4' 2". 



RULES. 

GRADE.— Sound white or red oak, free from knots and 
also other defects, except that 1/16-inch stain will be al- 
lowed if said stain shows no sign of rot. Must be manu- 
factured so that grain will run straight through center of 
each piece. Cut full sizes and proper circles. 

BENT RIMS. 

(8 pieces to set.) 

The sizes given are for green rims. 

Sizes most Common. 

\%xl% 3 x2 ' 4^x2M 

2 x2 3J^x2H 5 x2 

2^x2 4 x2 5J^x2M 

Circles 3' 2" and 3' 10"; 3' 6" and 4' 2"; 3' 10" and 4' 6*. 



GRADE. 

Wagon Manufacturers' Grade. 
(To replace what was formerly XXX.) 
These rules agreed upon jointly by the Wagon and Rim 
Manufacturers, November 21, 1906. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 99 



WAGON STOCK. 



MATERIALS. — Oak (any desirable species.) 
QUALITY. — Clear and straight-grained, but not exclud- 
ing reasonably straight, the grain not to cross the rim in a 
less distance than 24 inches; to be sound, free from bark, 
wane, checks (except checks on tread side), shakes, splits, 
knots and worm holes, but admitting not more than three 
small sound knots, not more than J^-inch in diameter 
on tread side; also, small worm holes not closer than 6 
inches apart. Not over 15 per cent, of any shipment of 
rims shall be with knots or worm holes as above specified. 
WORKMANSHIP.— Planed on top and bottom sides; 
no skips, tears or imperfect planing. Bending to be on 
the true circle of diameter specified. To be free from flats 
or humps, kinks, breaks or buckles, and no straight or 
drop ends. 

WHITE OAK WAGON SPOKES. 

(Wagonmakers' Grades.) 

RULES. 

Second Growth Grade. 

MATERIAL. — Spokes of this grade are to be made from 

first quality timber, practically clear and straight grained, 

of heavy weight and very dense growth that will indicate 

the very greatest strength. 

Defects. 

CHECKS. — Small fine season checks not to exceed two 
two inches in length and not running into the shoulder ad- 
mitted. 

SPLITS. — None admitted. 

CROSS GRAIN. — Grain which does not run at a greater 
angle at any one point than one inch in twenty-four inches 
admitted. Curly spokes are considered cross-grained and 
not admitted. 

KNOTS. — Spokes having knots will not be admitted, 
but spokes showing a small sound spot having the appear- 
ance of a knot, but which is only a surface blemish, will be 
admitted. 

SAP. — Half Sap that is bright and sound admitted. 
BASTARD.— Not more than % bastard will be admitted. 
OTHER DEFECTS. — Evident defects not above enum- 
erated not admitted. 



100 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



WAGON STOCK. 

"A" GRADE. 

MATERIAL. — Spokes of this grade are to be made from 
live timber of dense growth, good weight, practically clear 
and straight-grained. 

Defects. 

CHECKS. — Small, fine, season checks not to exceed two 
inches in length and not running into the shoulder ad- 
mitted. 

SPLITS.— None admitted. 

CROSS GRAIN. — Grain which does not run at a greater 
angle at any one point than one inch in twenty inches will 
be admitted. Spokes reduced from the second growth 
grade by reason of cross grain will be admitted in this grade 
when the grain does not cross at a greater angle than one 
inch in eighteen inches. Curly spokes are not admitted. 

KNOTS. — Knots will not be admitted, but spokes show- 
ing a small sound spot having the appearance of a knot, 
but which is only a surface blemish will be admitted. 

SAP. — Half Sap that is bright and sound admitted, but 
when of the second growth grade or very dense growth re- 
duced by reason of having too much bright sap, will be ad- 
mitted to the extent of two-thirds bright sap. 

BASTARD. — Not more than half bastard will be ad- 
mitted. 

DIPS. — Spokes having dips not more than one in a spoke 
and located anywhere except at shoulder or tenon admitted, 
provided such dip is not more than J^-inch in depth and 
not less than four inches in length. 

OTHER DEFECTS. — Evident defects not above enum- 
erated not admitted. 

"B" GRADE. 

MATERIAL. — Spokes of this grade are to be made from 
timber of a weight and growth that will indicate fairly 
good strength. 

Defects. 

CHECKS. — Small, fine, season checks, not to exceedltwo 
inches in length and not running into the shoulder ad^ 
mitted. 

SPLITS.— None admitted. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 101 

WAGON STOCK. 

CROSS GRAIN. — Grain which does not run at a greater 
angle at any one point than one inch in sixteen inches ad- 
mitted. Spokes reduced from the second growth grade 
because of excessive cross grain, but in which the grain does 
not run at a greater angle at any one point than one inch 
in fourteen inches, admitted. 

Spokes reduced from the "A" grade for cross grain will 
be admitted to this grade if grain does not run at a greater 
angle than one inch in fifteen inches. 

KNOTS. — Knots will not be admitted, but spokes show- 
ing a small sound spot having the appearance of a knot, but 
which is only a surface blemish, will be admitted. 

Spokes reduced from the second growth and "A" grades 
having one sound knot not over J^-inch in diameter, show- 
ing only on one side and not within five inches of either end 
of the spoke, admitted here. 

SAP. — Half Sap that is bright and sound will be ad- 
mitted. 

Bright all sap spokes of second growth grade admitted. 

Spokes from "A" grade having three-fourths sap ad- 
mitted. 

BASTARD.— Not more than half bastard will be ad- 
mitted. 

Spokes of second growth grade will be admitted in this 
grade where full bastard. 

Spokes of "A" grade will be admitted in this grade where 
three-fourths bastard. 

DIPS. — Will be admitted in this grade where not more 
than one in a spoke and located anywhere except at shoulder 
or tenon, provided such dip is not more than J^-inch in 
depth and not less than four inches in length. 

WORM HOLES. — Black and pin worm holes in either 
second growth or "A" grades of timber will be admitted 
here to the extent of not more than three in any spoke, but 
these must not be bunched. Powder post worm holes not 
admitted. 

OTHER DEFECTS.— Evident defects not above enum- 
erated not admitted. 

MANUFACTURE. 

The following suggestions are made to the manufacturers 
of spokes, which, if heeded, will not only result in more 
perfect product, but remove the cause of much dispute and 

dissatisfaction: 



102 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

WAGON STOCK. 

It is shown that there is a great deal of complaint on 
account of poorly manufactured spokes, such as tearing in 
the barrel by the lathe knives or by the adjustment of the 
knives not being in line making thick and thin places along 
the barrels; the grain pulled out; also, rough machine work 
in the throat, or on the tenon, by which the corners may 
be chipped off, the tenon not even thickness and not in the 
center of the spoke. There should also be great care taken 
in the facing of spokes, so that the face and the back are 
square with the tenon, and not diamond shapes, as is so 
frequently the case. Spokes should also be well sanded 
with a view of having them clean and smooth. 

It should also be understood that all spokes made under 
the foregoing rules will be branded only "Second Growth," 
"A" and "B" respectively, and that in no case will the spoke 
manufacturer brand these grades higher or lower than they 
will inspect under these rules nor will the wagon manu- 
facturer request it. No restriction, however, is put upon 
the use of special brands. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



103 



SPECIFICATIONS FOR FINISHING 
OAK SPOKES FROM DRY STOCK 



Western Regular and 


California Pattern 


Wide Point Pattern 






DQ 


* 


H 


c- 1 


^ 


H 


r 1 


> 




Hh- 


he 


^S 


H- 


HE 


-^ 


0£ o ~ 




a j^ 


<o o 


a P 


0> CL 


<n o 


a P 


%° " 2 




3 *^ 


P ?r 


3 OR 


3 ^ 


P W 


3K 


Ul 




P CD 


p =r 


P tr 


P O) 


P p- 


^«pp 


o 


• o 


• CO 

• co 

; o 


: 2, 


• o 


■ 00 
' O 


• o 





1*6 

2 

23-8 
2M 



2?, 



2^ 

2^ 

2J4 

3 

334 
3H 



UI 



2ft 



2ft 



2ft 



2 X ^ 



% 



1 7 < 



2H 



2M 



2 3 ; 



2?, 



2M 



2ft 



2ft 



2ft 



2 '92 
16 



2.U 



2% 



2H 



1ft 



2' ; 



2\l 



1ft 



211 



1H 



3H 
334 



1H 



3H 



211 



1H 



3?, 



3ft 



ift 



3ft 



ftf 



"ft f 



ftf 



ftf 



3ft 



134 



3% 



3ft 



134 



3M 



3 ft 



1H 



ftf 



ftf 



Note: — "f" signifies full size. 



104 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



WAGON STOCK. 



TENONING. — Make the tenon even thickness through- 
out, and in the center of barrel and straight with the face. 
Dish the shoulder so that when two spokes are placed face 
to face about 3^-inch apart at the shoulder and the points 
touching the shoulders will come to a straight line so that 
a common rule placed flat on the tenons, the edge of the 
rule should touch the shoulders all the way across both 
spokes. 

The above specifications for thickness of tenons are for 
thoroughly dry stock. When half dry, add allowance 
given; for entirely green stock, add double this allowance. 

THROATING. — Make the shoulder the same thickness 
as the barrel. Shape the knives to make the throat about 
3^-inch thinner than the barrel; also make the throat a 
little full near the shoulder to give strength and prevent 
splitting off in driving. Shape the forms or cams to make 
the throat rounding, so the face and back will not be too 
large, but well proportioned. The back must be propor- 
tionately wider than the face. Adjust machine to make 
shoulder straight (neither rounding at the corners, nor hol- 
low in the center.) Care should be taken to make both 
sides of the throat the same shape. 

FACING OR JOINTING.— Take measurements for 
width of tenon at the shoulder. Face the spoke as nearly 
as possible to a straight line from the point end to the tenon 
end, and back the spoke as nearly as possible to a straight 
line from the point end to the shoulder. Taper the back 
of tenon on a straight line from the shoulder to the end, so 
the tenon will measure 1/16-inch less in width at the end 
(where it enters the hub) than at the shoulder. 

The above specifications for width of tenons are for 
thoroughly dry stock. When half dry, add allowance 
given; for entirely green stock, add double this allowance. 

ALLOWANCE FOR SHRINKAGE.— For spokes 
turned from stock from six to eight months old, and spokes 
turned from green stocks that have been under shed for 
three or four months, may be considered half dry, for which 
allowance is given above. For green stock, double this 
allowance. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



105 



SPECIFICATIONS FOR TURNING 

Standard Western Pattern and Wide Point Club Spokes 

FROM DRY AND GREEN STOCK 



GO 

5' 


wo ^ 
|o.g 


Size of 
Head 


Size of 
Barrel 


SizeofReg- 
ular Point 


Size of 
WidePoint 


o . 

CO 

•a 

o 




SET. 

8^ 




1 lis- 




<X> p. 


Dry 

lk 
Green 


GU 


lk 


lk 

1ft 


1ft 

lk 


1A 

ik 


ik lift 
lkfkk 






Dry 
lk 

Green 


6k 


hi 

ik 


1ft 

Ik 


1A 
lk 


lk 
1A 


1A 
1ft f 


lk 
1ft 






Dry 

lk 
Green 


7 


lit 

2 


lk 

1ft 


iy$i 
ii if 


ift 

ik 


iftf 
ik 


1ft 

lk 






Dry 

n IK 

Green 


TVs 


2A 
2k 


1ft 

l^f 


lkf 
Hff 


lk 
1ft f 


Ik 
lkf 


lk 
1ft f 






Dry 

2 
Green 


7k 


2ft lift 

2k Ukf| 


1% Uk 
lit Uftf 


lkf 
ift 1 


lk 
1ft f 


Ik 
1ft 


lk 
1ft f 


Dry 
Green 


7H 


2ft Ilk 12 lift 
2V % i\lhi U& \lVsi 


ift lift 
iftf IW 


lk 
1H 


1ft 

lkf 


Dry 
Green 


7k 


2ft UA I2H 
2^f|li 9 e |2ft 


lk 
IK 


IK Uk 
ift 11 k 


Hi 

lk 


lk 
lk 


Dry 

Green 


7k 


2ft |1H I2M 

2^f|l^ |2ft 


ift 
1A 


ift lift 
lk lift 


lk 
HI 


1ft 
1ft 


Dry 

2k 
Green 


7H 


2« lift 12 Ji 
2«f|l« |2ftf 


ik Uk 

lk lift 


lk 
lk 


ik 
HI 


lk 
lk 


Dry 

2k 
Green 


7 k 


2*f 11^ 12k 

2%f|lkf|2ftf 


1A 
H*f 


IK 
Hi 


1ft 
Hi* 


2 

2ft 


1ft 

Hif 


Dry 
2% 

Green 


8 


21* 11% WK 
3ft IwUif 


Hi 
Hff 


HI 

lk 


Hi 
Hff 


2k 
2ft 


1H 

Hlf 


Dry 

Green 


sk 


3ft 

3ft 


HI I2M 

l»f |2»f 


ik 
lkf 


2 Ilk 
2A 'lkf 


2k 
2ft f 


ik 
lkf 


Dry 

3 
Green 


8H 


3ft 
3ft 


111 |2k 
2k |3 


HI 

2 


2 k 
2ft f 


HI 

2 


2k 

2ft f 


ill 

2 


Dry 

3k 
Green 


sk 


3ft 
3ft 


2 A 13 H 
2^ |3k 


HI 12k Hit 

2k [2ft f \2K 


2k 
2ft f 


HI 

2k 


Dry 

3k 
Green 


8% 


31i 12 M -I3H 
3H 12ft |3k 


2 \2K 

2 A |2ftf 


2 
2ft 


2k 
2ft f 


2 
2ft 



Note: — "f" signifies full size. 



106 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



WAGON STOCK. 

. TOTAL LENGTH OF HEAD AND THROAT— Make 
exact length to figures given from head end to where throat 
and barrel knives lap, the head or square must be at least 
of ample length for tenon. 

SIZE OF HEAD. — Make measurement about where 
shoulder will be when tenoned. 

SIZE OF BARREL. — Make measurement just below 
where barrel and throat knives lap. Make hinds exact 
width as figures given. Front spokes having more taper 
should be made 1/16-inch less in width of barrel. 

SIZE OF POINT. — Measurement to be made >2-inch 
from point end of all lengths. From face to back is to be 
considered the wide way. 

REGULAR LENGTHS.— Fronts, all sizes, 22 inches 
long; hinds, all sizes, 2J/£ inches and under, 26 inches long; 
all sizes, 2 % inches and over, 28 inches long. 

The above specifications for Dry are intended for thor- 
oughly dry stock at least twelve months or more old; and 
for Green are intended for entirely green stock. When 
stock is half dry, say six months old, allow for shrinkage 
about half the difference between dry and green specifica- 
tions. When not quite dry, make a little full of Dry Speci- 
fications. When not quite green, make a little scant of 
Green Specifications. 

Keep your lathe knives adjusted to a straight line so the 
spoke will be of even thickness from the point to the throat. 

Adopted by Spoke Manufacturers' Association, Decem- 
ber 20, 1906. 

Revised March 25, 1908. 

Adopted by the National Wagon Manufacturers' Asso- 
ciation, April 28, 1909. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 107 

HARDWOOD DIMENSION MATERIAL 

OAK CHAIR AND FURNITURE STOCK. 

All pieces must be taken as they are manufactured, and 
no allowance made to change grade by re-manufacture. 
All stock to be of practically uniform thickness and width, 
to be full thickness and width when dry. Any amount of 
bright sap admissible in all Chair and Furniture Dimension 
Stock. Seat Stock to have one clear face and two ends; 
no defect admissible in edges that will show after jointing. 

Chair Frame Stock to have one clear face, both ends, and 
both edges. 

Table Tops take same inspection as Seat Stock. Squares 
for turning shall contain no defect that will not turn out 
Squares for dressing up and to be used as squares must be 
clear on all edges and ends that show. 

Chair Backs that show on two sides must be clear both 
sides, both edges, and both ends; all Quartered Oak must 
show figure on one face. No badly discolored or doty sap 
admissible in any of the above stock. 

All band sawed pattern stock to show four clear sides 
unless contract is made to contrary setting forth that de- 
fects may be permitted on any one or more sides. 

IMPLEMENT STOCK. 

Plow Handle Strips must be practically straight-grained 
and clear of all defects, except slight streaks and small bird 
pecks, or small bright knots located so as not to interfere 
with the bending of the piece or its strength. 



108 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CUBAN MAHOGANY 

Grades: Prime, Selects, Rejects, Shorts and Counters. 

Lengths: 2 feet and over. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknessess : Standard . 

All odd lengths must be measured. 

Prime. 

Prime must be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over 
long, not to exceed 25% of 8 and 9-foot lengths. 

Standard defects are admitted according to widths as 
follows: 

6 or 7 inches, 1 standard defect or its equivalent. 

8 or 9 inches, 2 standard defects or their equivalent. 

10 or 11 inches, 3 standard defects or their equivalent. 

12 inches or over, 4 standard defects or their equivalent. 

Selects. 

Selects may be 4 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over 
long, and must work two-thirds clear, with no cutting less 
than 4 inches wide and 3 feet long, or 3 inches wide and 4 
feet long. 

Rejects. 

Rejects must be 3 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over 
long, and must work 50% clear. No piece or cutting con- 
sidered which is less than 4 inches wide and 2 feet long, or 
3 inches wide and 3 feet long. 

Shorts. 

Shorts must be 3 inches and over wide, 2 to 7 feet long, 
and must be prime in quality. 

Pieces 3, 4 and 5 inches wide must be clear. 

Pieces 6 inches and over wide must be graded same as 
Prime. 

Counters. 

Counters must be 12 to 40 feet long, 16 to 24 inches wide. 
Splits to be measured out. 

Clear Strips. 

Clear Strips must be 2 H to 5 Yi inches wide, 5 feet and 
over long, clear of defects on one face and two edges. Re- 
verse face must be sound. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 109 

MEXICAN AND AFRICAN MAHOGANY 

Grades: First, Second, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, 
Shorts and Counters. 

Lengths: 2 feet and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

All odd lengths must be measured. 

One inch of bright sap in the aggregate is a standard de- 
feet. 

The percentage of Firsts in the combined grade of Firsts 
and Seconds to be as follows: 

Mexican Mahogany — Not less than 40 per cent. 

African Mahogany — Not less than 35 per cent. 



Firsts. 

Firsts must be 7 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over 
long, and free from all defects, except that pieces 10 feet 
and over surface measure may have one standard defect 
or its equivalent. 

Seconds. 

Seconds must be 6 inches and over wide. 
Standard defects are admitted according to surface 
measure as follows: 

6 feet, 1 standard defect or its equivalent. 
9 feet, 2 standard defects or their equivalent. 
13 feet, 3 standard defects or their equivalent. 
18 feet and over, 4 standard defects or their equivalent- 
No. 1 Common. 

No. 1 Common must be 4 inches and over wide, 6 feet 
and over long. 

Pieces 4 inches wide, 6 to 11 feet long, must work 
66 2/3% clear in not over two pieces; 12 feet and over long 
must work 66 2/3% clear in not over three pieces. No 
piece or cutting to be less than 2 feet long by the full width 
of the piece. 

Pieces 5 inches and over wide, 6 to 11 feet long, must 
work 66 2/3% clear in not over two pieces; 12 feet and over 
long must work 66 2/3% clear in not over three pieces. 
No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 4 
inches wide and 2 feet long, or 3 inches wide and 3 feet long . 



110 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

MEXICAN AND AFRICAN MAHOGANY. 

No. 2 Common. 

No. 2 Common must be 3 inches and over wide, 2 feet 
and over long, and must work ,50% clear. No piece or 
cutting considered which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 
feet long. 

Shorts. 

Shorts must be 4 inches and over wide, 2 to 5 feet long 
Pieces 4 to 5 inches wide must be clear. 
In pieces 6 inches and over, standard defects are admit- 
ted according to surface measure as follows: 
2 feet, 1 standard defect or its equivalent. 
4 feet, 2 standard defects or their equivalent. 
5% feet, 3 standard defects or their equivalent. 
6}^ feet and over, 4 standard defects or their equivalent. 

Counters. 

Counters must be 12 to 40 feet long, 18 to 24 inches wide, 
and must be free from all defects. Splits to be measured 
out. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. Ill 

RULES FOR THE MEASUREMENT 
AND INSPECTION OF LOGS 

Issued January 19, 1915, by Southern Log Association, 
Memphis, Tenn., and adopted July 9, 1915, by the Hard- 
wood Manufacturers' Association of the United States as 
its Standard Rules. 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR MEASURING 
AND GRADING LOGS. 

The inspecting or grading of a log is necessarily a matter 
of judgment in determining from the outside appearance 
of the log the seriousness of its defects, and its adaptability 
for lumber of different grades, or for other purposes. 

In determining the grade of a log, the entire surface 
(which includes both ends) must be taken into considera- 
tion, and inspectors must use their best judgment in deter- 
mining the seriousness of each and every defect in and on 
the log. 

On account of knots and other defects frequently being 
under the log, imbedded in the ground, or hidden from view 
between logs which are closely bulked, inspectors will put 
all line logs, or logs on which there is a reasonable question 
as to grade, into the lower grade with which it is in question. 

Standard lengths shall be 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet, 60 per 
cent, or more to be 14 and 16 feet, and not over 2 per cent, 
to be 10 feet long. 

All logs must be cut 4 inches longer than the above 
lengths to allow for the proper trimming of the lumber. 

All logs must be measured at the small end, the narrow 
way, inside the bark, and all fractions of an inch must be 
called back to the next lower figure. Deductions must be 
made from the above measurements for certain defects as 
hereinafter stated. 

All logs should be straight, or due allowance must be 
made in grade and measure for crooked logs. 

An allowance is to be made in the measurement of hollow 
logs to fully compensate for the loss in lumber scale. 



112 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



GRADING LOGS. 



A No. 1 log shall not twist more than one inch to every 
foot in the length of the log. 

Damaged sap is a serious defect and must be considered 
in determining the grade. Doty or rotten sap is to be 
measured off regardless of the grade of the log. 

Grub worm holes, spots, spot worms, bark specks, pecks, 
mineral streaks, dote and cat faces are very serious defects. 
The appearance of any of the above mentioned defects on 
the surface of a log is practically conclusive evidence of its 
existence within the entire log, and inspectors must carefully 
take them into consideration in determining the grade. 
On account of the uncertainty of the quantity of such hid- 
den defects, they are each to be considered as much or more 
damaging than a sound knot, especially when they appear 
on both ends of the log. 

A reduction is to be made in measurement or grade, or 
both, for loose-hearted or shaky-hearted logs; or for logs 
which have popped open or split open on the ends. 

Double-heart is a very serious defect, and same is not 
admitted in the grade of No. 1 logs, unless both hearts can 
fully be inclosed in a 6-inch circle on logs 24 to 29 inches, 
inclusive, in diameter; and an 8-inch circle on logs 30 inches 
and over in diameter; and in any case inspectors will take 
into consideration the seriousness of the defect in deter- 
mining the grade. 

Bulges and irregularities on the bark surface of a log are 
practically conclusive evidence of some hidden serious de- 
fect and are to be given careful consideration by the in- 
spector in grading the log. 

Ring shake is a very serious defect and inspectors will 
carefully consider same according to its extent and damage, 
both for grade and measurement. 

On No. 1 and Select logs, where the heart is more than 
two inches out of center, one standard defect will be counted 
for each additional two inches or fraction thereof. 

All stump shot or shivered logs are to be matched sawn, 
making the ends smooth. 

It is understood that a run of logs is to contain the full 
amount of good logs, which the standing timber will pro- 
duce, and that no large nor high-grade logs are to be 
separated from the run of logs. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 113 

GRADING LOGS. 

The standard of measure for a standard defect will be a 
sound bright knot with a maximum diameter of not more 
than 4 inches. "Where the rules call for its equivalent, it 
is understood to mean its equivalent in damage to the 
product of the log, and NOT its equivalent in size; for in- 
stance, a grub worm hole will be considered as serious as a 
standard knot, and may be considered as more serious ac- 
cording to the inspector's judgment as to their existence 
within the log. 

Any defects not mentioned in these rules are to be con- 
sidered by the inspector according to their damage to the 
log. 

These rules describe the poorest logs in any grade, but 
the respective grades must contain all logs up to the next 
higher grade. 

Where the rules mention the amount of sap a grade will 
take, it is understood that the measurement of the sap is to 
be taken in the average from the inside of the bark to the 
heart wood; sap to be measured on small end of log. 

•The size of a log after deductions are made for defects 
is to govern in grading same. 

OAK— WHITE AND RED. 
Number 1. 

Two inches of bright sap is no defect. Sap in excess of 
2 inches is one standard defect. 

No. 1 logs must be 24 inches and over in diameter. 

24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent. 

30-inch and over will admit of two standard defects or 
their equivalent. 

Select. 

Select logs must be 18 inches and over in diameter. 

Two inches of bright sap is no defect. Sap in excess of 
two inches, is one standard defect. 

18 to 21-inch, inclusive, must have ends and surface clear. 

22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard defect or its 
equivalent. 

24-inch and over will admit of one more standard defect 
than is admitted in No. 1 logs of same size. 



114 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

GRADING LOGS. 
Number 2. 

No. 2 logs must be 16 inches and over in diameter. 

Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 

16 and 17-inch will admit of one standard defect or its 
equivalent. 

18 to 23-inch, inclusive, will admit of two standard de- 
fects^or their equivalent. 

24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more in No. 1 
Common and Better lumber. 

Note— It is understood that Overcup logs are not in- 
cluded with the purchases of White Oak logs, unless special 
agreement is made in writing to include same. 

WHITE ASH. 

Bright sap is no defect in any grade. 

Number 1. 

No. 1 logs must be 18 inches and over in diameter. 

18 to 23-inch, inclusive, must have ends and surface clear. 

24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent. 

30-inch and over will admit of two standard defects or 
their"equiv alent . 

Select. 

Select logs must be 16 inches and over in diameter. 
16 and 17-inch must have ends and surface clear. 
18-inch and over will admit of one more standard defect 
than is admitted in No. 1 logs of same size. • 

Number 2. 

No. 2 logs must be 14 inches and over in diameter, and 
must cut 75. per cent, or more into No. 1 Common and 
Better lumber. 

Note — It is understood that soft or pumpkin Ash logs are 
not included with purchases of White Ash logs, unless a 
special agreement is made in writing to include same. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 115 

GRADING LOGS. 
FELLOW POPLAR AND CYPRESS. 

Number 1. 

No. 1 logs must be 24-inch and over in diameter. 

Two inches of bright sap is no defect in 24 to 29-inch, 
inclusive. 

Three inches of bright sap is no defect in 30-inch and over. 

Each additional inch of bright sap is one standard defect. 

24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one standard defect 
or its equivalent. 

30-inch and over will admit of two standard defects or 
their equivalent. 

Select. 
Select logs must be 18 inches and over in diameter. 
Bright sap is no defect in this grade. 

15 to 21-inch, inclusive, must have ends and surface clear. 
22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard defect or its 

equivalent. 

24-inch and over will admit of one more standard defect 
than is admitted in a No. 1 log of the same size. 

Number 2. 
No. 2 logs must be 16 inches and over in diameter. 
Bright sap is no defect in this grade. 

16 and 17-inch will admit of one standard defect or its 
equivalent. 

18 to 23-ineh, inclusive, will admit of two standard de- 
ects or their equivalent. 

24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more in No. 1 
Common and Better lumber in Poplar, and 75 per cent, or 
more in No. 1 Shop and Better in Cypress. 

Note 1 — Mineral streaks and blue wood in Poplar are 
very serious defects. 

Note 2 — Peck and shake in Cypress are very serious de- 
fects. 



116 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

GRADING LOGS. 
RED GUM. 
Number 1. 

No. 1 logs must be 24 inches and over in diameter. 

Three inches of sap is no defect in 24 to 29-inch, inclusive. 

Four inches of sap is no defect in 30-inch and over. 

Each additional inch of sap is one standard defect. 

24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent. 

30-inch and over will admit of two standard defects or 
their equivalent. 

Select. 

Select logs must be 18 inches and over in diameter. 

Sap is no defect in this grade. 

18 to 21-inch, inclusive, must have ends and surface clear. 

22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard defect or its 
equivalent. 

24-inch and over will admit of one more standard de- 
fect than is admitted in a No. 1 log of the same size. 



Number 2. 

No. 2 logs must be 16-inch and over in diameter. 

Sap is no defect in this grade. 

16 and 17-inch will admit of one standard defect or its 
equivalent. 

18 to 23-inch, inclusive, will admit of two standard de- 
fects or their equivalent. 

24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more in No. 1 
Common and Better lumber. 

Note — Discoloration of sap on ends of Gum logs must be 
accepted, provided stain is not sufficient to lower the grades 
of the product. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 117 

GRADING LOGS. 

COTTONWOOD, ELM, MAPLE, BASSWOOD, 
TUPELO AND BLACK GUM. 

Bright sap is no defect in any grade. 



Number 1. 

No. 1 logs must be 24 inches and over in diameter. 

24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent. 

30-inch and over will admit of two standard defects or 
their equivalent. 

Select. 

Select logs must be 18 inches and over in diameter. 

18 to 2 1-inch, inclusive, must have ends and surface clear. 

22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard defect or its 
equivalent. 

24-inch and over will admit of one more standard defect 
than is admitted in a No. 1 log of the same size. 



Number 2. 

No. 2 logs must be 16 inches and over in diameter. 

16 and 17-inch will admit of one standard defect or its 
equivalent. 

18 to 23-inch, inclusive, will admit of two standard de- 
fects or their equivalent. 

24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more in No. 1 
Common and Better lumber. 



HICKORY, PERSIMMON AND SYCAMORE. 

These woods are usually bought for specific uses and 
therefore it is deemed best that mutual inspection or special 
contract should govern. 



118 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CYPRESS AND TUPELO 

The Grading Rules of the Southern Cypress 
Manufacturers' Association, New Orleans, La., 
have been adopted by the Hardwood Manufactur- 
ers' Association of the United States and copies 
will be furnished free of charge upon application. 



Official Symbols for Grade Marks 

of trie 

Hardwood Manufacturers Association 

ot :he United States. 

Panel a *°W/de //P/.Q 
W/de /Y92. y\ 



Box Boards 


B 


fyQ£ o/f/7/fsrs fy Seconds 


% 


$AF>S 


S 


Selects 


A 


MP/. COMMON. 


<T 


NP2. Common. 


d 


MP 3. Common. 


(E 


/VP4. Common. 


<£ 



UNIVERSAL STANDARD LOG SCALE 



OFFICIAL SCALE OF 

The Hardwood Manufacturers' Association 
of the United States 

Length in Feet 







8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 20 


22 


24 




10 


18 


23 


27 


32 


36 


41| 46 


50 


54 




11 


24 


31 


37 


43 


49 


55| 61 


67 


74 




12 


32 


40 


48 


56 


64 


72 1 80 


88 


96 




13 


40 


50 


61 


71 


81 


91| 101 


111 


122 




14 


50 


62 


75 


88 


1)0 


112 | 125 


137 


150 




15 


60 


75 


91 


106| 121 


136| 151 


166 


181 




16 


72 


90 


108 


126| 144 


162 


180 


198 


216 




17 


84 


106 


127 


148| 169 


190 


211 


232 


253 




18 


98 


122 


147 


171| 196 


220 


245 


269 


294 




19 


112 


141 


169 


197! 225 


253 


280 


309 


338 




20 


128 


160 


192 


224 t 256 


288 


320 


352 


384 




21 


144 


181 


217 


253| 2S9 


325 


361 


397 


433 




22 


162 


202 


243 


283| 324 


364 


404 


445 


486 


s 


23 


180 


226 


271 


313! 350 


406 


452 


496 


541 


24 


200 


250 


300 


350| 400 


450 | 500 | 550 


600 


o 


26 


220 


276 


331 


386| 441 


496 j 551 | 606 


661 




26 


242 


302 


363| 423| 484 


544| 605| 665 


726 


% 


27 


264 


330 


397| 463 i 530 


596] 6611.726 


794 




28 


291 


363 


436 


509| o82 


654| 728j 800 


873 


X 
E 

ffl 


29 


305 


381 


457 


533| 609 


685| 7611 838 


914 


30 


328 


411 


493 


575 1 f>57 


7391 821| 904 


986 


31 


355 


444 


532 


622 i 710 


7991 888) 976 


1065 


n 


32 


368 


460 


552| 644| 736 


828| 920|1012 


1104 




33 


392 


490 


588 


686| 784 


8821 980 1078 


1176 




34 


400 


500 


600 


700! £00 


900 11000 |1100 


1200 




36 


438 


547 


657| 766! 876 


985 | 1095 1 1204 


1314 




36 


462 


577 


692 1 807| 923 


1088 


1152|1268 


1384 




37 


514 


644 


772| 901 |1029 


1158 


1287|1415 


1544 




38 


534 


669 


801| 934 |1068 


1201 


133511468 


1602 




39 


560 


700 


840| 980|1120 


1260 


14001,1540 


1680 




40 


602 


752 


903 | 1053 | 1204 


1354 


1505 1 1655 


1806 




41 


636 


795 


954 |1113 |1272 


1431 


1590 1 1749 


1908 




42 


671 


840 


1007 |1175 |1343 


1511 


1679 1 1846 


2014 




43 


698 


S72 


1046 | 1222 1 1396 


1571 


1745|1918!2092 




44 


740 


925 


1110 |1295! 1480 


1665 


1850 |2035 |2220 




45 


759 


949 


1139| 1329 |1M8 


|1707 


1898 








46 


793 


991 


1190| 1388 |1P87 


•1785 


1983 








47 


828 


1035 


1242| 1449 11056 


1862 


2070 








48 


864 

1 


1080 


1296 


151211728 

L.1 i 


11944 


2160 







The above rules is a combination of the Doyle and Scrib- 
ner rules. Doyle 27 inches and un.ier\ Seribner 28 inches 
and over. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



in 



017 110 989 9 # 





Additional 
Copies may be had 
by applying to the 

HARDWOOD MANUFACTURERS 
ASSOCIATION OF THE U. S. 

Onion Trust Building, 
CINCINNATI, OHIO 



\ Kindly remit 10 cents jfir 
i er copy with of d* r ^W^ 
|, for delivery jQr 



II 



